{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:40:46Z","timestamp":1780915246988,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["RO1DK125811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1DK125811"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. We investigated the differential effects of 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion in mice with surgically induced CKD. Intraperitoneal supplementation of 25(OH)D3 (75 \u03bcg\/kg\/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (60 ng\/kg\/day) for 6 weeks normalized serum 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in CKD mice, respectively. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 normalized appetite, significantly improved weight gain, increased fat and lean mass content and in vivo muscle function, as well as attenuated elevated resting metabolic rate relative to repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 in CKD mice attenuated adipose tissue browning as well as ameliorated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, whereas repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 did not. Significant improvement of muscle fiber size and normalization of fat infiltration of gastrocnemius was apparent with repletion of 25(OH)D3 but not with 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. This was accompanied by attenuation of the aberrant gene expression of muscle mass regulatory signaling, molecular pathways related to muscle fibrosis as well as muscle expression profile associated with skeletal muscle wasting in CKD mice. Our findings provide evidence that repletion of 25(OH)D3 exerts metabolic advantages over repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 by attenuating adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T02:40:02Z","timestamp":1638412802000},"page":"3382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 versus 1\u03b1 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Querfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujana","family":"Gunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Services, Vista Community Clinic, Vista, CA 92084, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai W.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608B","article-title":"Review of muscle wasting associated with chronic kidney disease","volume":"91","author":"Workeneh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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