{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:51:42Z","timestamp":1790751102607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent (re)discovery of the meningeal lymphatic system has opened new theories as to how immune cells traffic and interact with the central nervous system (CNS). While evidence is accumulating on the contribution of the meningeal lymphatic system in both homeostatic and disease conditions, a lot remains unknown about the mechanisms that allow for interaction between the meningeal lymphatic system and immune cells. In this review, we synthesize the knowledge about the lymphatic immune interaction in the CNS and highlight the important questions that remain to be answered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T02:40:02Z","timestamp":1638412802000},"page":"3385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Meningeal Lymphatics: An Immune Gateway for the Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Louveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3666","article-title":"The movers and shapers in immune privilege of the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yankova, G., Bogomyakova, O., and Tulupov, A. (2021). The glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics of the brain: New understanding of brain clearance. Rev. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0106"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290","article-title":"A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules","volume":"212","author":"Aspelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1419-5","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic vessels at the skull base drain cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"572","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190351","article-title":"Clearance of cerebrospinal fluid from the sacral spine through lymphatic vessels","volume":"216","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08163-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis near the cribriform plate contributes to drainage of CNS-derived antigens and immune cells","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0417-3","article-title":"A (delayed) history of the brain lymphatic system","volume":"25","author":"Sandrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"523","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317372","article-title":"Live Imaging of Intracranial Lymphatics in the Zebrafish","volume":"128","author":"Castranova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4558","article-title":"Mural lymphatic endothelial cells regulate meningeal angiogenesis in the zebrafish","volume":"20","author":"Bower","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neur."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29738","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29738","article-title":"Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI","volume":"6","author":"Absinta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170391","article-title":"Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels","volume":"214","author":"Antila","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3043","article-title":"Lymph Flow Induces the Postnatal Formation of Mature and Functional Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels","volume":"10","author":"Ocskay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24624","article-title":"Postnatal development of lymphatic vasculature in the brain meninges","volume":"247","author":"Izen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","article-title":"CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature","volume":"21","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neur."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3929","article-title":"Tight junctions in brain barriers during central nervous system inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Coisne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16939","article-title":"Effector T-cell trafficking between the leptomeninges and the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"530","author":"Krueger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez, I., and Schulte-Merker, S. (2021). Cells with Many Talents: Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in the Brain Meninges. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040799"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.07.004","article-title":"The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: Anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01947.x","article-title":"T-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid express a similar repertoire of inflammatory chemokine receptors in the absence or presence of CNS inflammation: Implications for CNS trafficking","volume":"129","author":"Trebst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf9277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf9277","article-title":"Heterogeneity of meningeal B cells reveals a lymphopoietic niche at the CNS borders","volume":"373","author":"Brioschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf7844","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844","article-title":"Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma","volume":"373","author":"Cugurra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00880-y","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of CNS border compartment leukocytes reveals that B cells and their progenitors reside in non-diseased meninges","volume":"24","author":"Schafflick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neur."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0393-4","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment","volume":"22","author":"Martens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neur."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0776-4","article-title":"Meningeal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons","volume":"21","author":"Rustenhoven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunology."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601546","article-title":"IL-13-Mediated Regulation of Learning and Memory","volume":"198","author":"Brombacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.12.008","article-title":"Understanding the Role of T Cells in CNS Homeostasis","volume":"37","author":"Ellwardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18626","article-title":"Unexpected role of interferon-\u03b3 in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour","volume":"535","author":"Filiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.026","article-title":"Microglia Require CD4 T Cells to Complete the Fetal-to-Adult Transition","volume":"182","author":"Pasciuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42856","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42856","article-title":"CCR7 deficient inflammatory Dendritic Cells are retained in the Central Nervous System","volume":"7","author":"Clarkson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"671","article-title":"Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. T cell trafficking to the central nervous system in a resistant Thy-1 congenic mouse strain","volume":"71","author":"Skundric","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"420","article-title":"Identification of CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells in the subarachnoid space of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A possible route by which effector cells invade the lesions","volume":"81","author":"Tsuchida","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572186","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.572186","article-title":"Revisiting the Pathoetiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Has the Tail Been Wagging the Mouse?","volume":"11","author":"Sen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400106","article-title":"Acute multiple sclerosis (Marburg type) is associated with developmentally immature myelin basic protein","volume":"40","author":"Wood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24221","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909098116","article-title":"Neutrophils promote VLA-4-dependent B cell antigen presentation and accumulation within the meninges during neuroinflammation","volume":"116","author":"Archambault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.10.018","article-title":"Immune cell trafficking across the barriers of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis and stroke","volume":"1862","author":"Kooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2310-0","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Characterization of T Cell Subsets and Microglia After Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats","volume":"42","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.046","article-title":"Activated CD8+ T Cells Cause Long-Term Neurological Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice","volume":"29","author":"Daglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9962","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1898-15.2016","article-title":"Interfering with the Chronic Immune Response Rescues Chronic Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Mentz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, X., Ishii, H., Bai, Z., Itokazu, T., and Yamashita, T. (2012). Temporal changes in cell marker expression and cellular infiltration in a controlled cortical impact model in adult male C57BL\/6 mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041892"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.06.019","article-title":"T lymphocytes infiltration promotes blood-brain barrier injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"1670","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16851-z","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatics clear erythrocytes that arise from subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34461-0_9","article-title":"Meningeal Lymphatic Pathway of Brain Clearing From the Blood After Haemorrhagic Injuries","volume":"1232","author":"Navolokin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18113-4","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Bolte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18822921","article-title":"Impaired meningeal lymphatic vessel development worsens stroke outcome","volume":"40","author":"Yanev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559810","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.559810","article-title":"Developmental Dysfunction of the Central Nervous System Lymphatics Modulates the Adaptive Neuro-Immune Response in the Perilesional Cortex in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"11","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1912-x","article-title":"VEGF-C-driven lymphatic drainage enables immunosurveillance of brain tumours","volume":"577","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0287-8","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2020141","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatics, a potential target for the treatment of brain tumors","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","article-title":"Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"560","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe4601","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe4601","article-title":"Aging-associated deficit in CCR7 is linked to worsened glymphatic function, cognition, neuroinflammation, and \u03b2-amyloid pathology","volume":"7","author":"Herz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03489-0","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatics affect microglia responses and anti-A\u03b2 immunotherapy","volume":"593","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0312-x","article-title":"Dural lymphatics regulate clearance of extracellular tau from the CNS","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.230299","article-title":"Induced dural lymphangiogenesis facilities soluble amyloid-beta clearance from brain in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12656","article-title":"Deep cervical lymph node ligation aggravates AD-like pathology of APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01198-1","article-title":"Impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage in patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0147-y","article-title":"Blocking meningeal lymphatic drainage aggravates Parkinson\u2019s disease-like pathology in mice overexpressing mutated \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01484-6","article-title":"Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65958","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65958","article-title":"Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection","volume":"10","author":"Raghunandan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00994-2","article-title":"Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection","volume":"22","author":"Croese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71544","article-title":"Immune cell trafficking from the brain maintains CNS immune tolerance","volume":"124","author":"Mohammad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2003.08.007","article-title":"Fas ligand\/Fas system in the brain: Regulator of immune and apoptotic responses","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201413","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201413","article-title":"Upregulation of VCAM-1 in lymphatic collectors supports dendritic cell entry and rapid migration to lymph nodes in inflammation","volume":"218","author":"Arasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00520","article-title":"Dendritic Cells and T Cells Interact within Murine Afferent Lymphatic Capillaries","volume":"10","author":"Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3750","article-title":"Dendritic cells enter lymph vessels by hyaluronan-mediated docking to the endothelial receptor LYVE-1","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.078","article-title":"T Cell Migration from Inflamed Skin to Draining Lymph Nodes Requires Intralymphatic Crawling Supported by ICAM-1\/LFA-1 Interactions","volume":"18","author":"Teijeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44189","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44189","article-title":"Endogenous TNF\u03b1 orchestrates the trafficking of neutrophils into and within lymphatic vessels during acute inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Arokiasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1HI0415-149R","article-title":"Neutrophils rapidly transit inflamed lymphatic vessel endothelium via integrin-dependent proteolysis and lipoxin-induced junctional retraction","volume":"98","author":"Rigby","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070225","article-title":"CXCL12-CXCR4 engagement is required for migration of cutaneous dendritic cells","volume":"171","author":"Kabashima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.2960","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates migration of mature dendritic cells","volume":"175","author":"Czeloth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000568","article-title":"The origin and maturity of dendritic cells determine the pattern of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors expressed and required for efficient migration","volume":"185","author":"Rathinasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1534","article-title":"The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 causes tissue retention by inhibiting the entry of peripheral tissue T lymphocytes into afferent lymphatics","volume":"9","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"5259","article-title":"The chemokine CX3CL1 promotes trafficking of dendritic cells through inflamed lymphatics","volume":"126","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01168","article-title":"Lymphatic Migration of Immune Cells","volume":"10","author":"Hampton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/12\/3385\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:31Z","timestamp":1760168311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/12\/3385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10123385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10123385","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}}}