{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:48:27Z","timestamp":1785476907743,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs (DSRVCH)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs (DSRVCH)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and dietary habits represent a major risk factor for dyslipidemia; a hallmark of CVD. Saturated fatty acids contribute to CVD by aggravating dyslipidemia, and, in particular, lauric acid (LA) raises circulating cholesterol levels. The role of red blood cells (RBCs) in CVD is increasingly being appreciated, and eryptosis has recently been identified as a novel mechanism in CVD. However, the effect of LA on RBC physiology has not been thoroughly investigated. RBCs were isolated from heparin-anticoagulated whole blood (WB) and exposed to 50\u2013250 \u03bcM of LA for 24 h at 37 \u00b0C. Hemoglobin was photometrically examined as an indicator of hemolysis, whereas eryptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC for phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, Fluo4\/AM for Ca2+, light scatter for cellular morphology, H2DCFDA for oxidative stress, and BODIPY 581\/591 C11 for lipid peroxidation. WB was also examined for RBC, leukocyte, and platelet viability and indices. LA caused dose-responsive hemolysis, and Ca2+-dependent PS exposure, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cytosolic Ca2+ overload, cell shrinkage and granularity, oxidative stress, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and stimulation of casein kinase 1\u03b1 (CK1\u03b1). In WB, LA disrupted leukocyte distribution with elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) due to selective toxicity to lymphocytes. In conclusion, this report provides the first evidence of the pro-eryptotic potential of LA and associated mechanisms, which informs dietary interventions aimed at CVD prevention and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T02:40:02Z","timestamp":1638412802000},"page":"3388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Lauric Acid, a Dietary Saturated Medium-Chain Fatty Acid, Elicits Calcium-Dependent Eryptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3095-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Alfhili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghadeer S.","family":"Aljuraiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: Update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.10.050","article-title":"The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"108","author":"McCoin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riccardi, G., Giosu\u00e8, A., Calabrese, I., and Vaccaro, O. (2021). Dietary recommendations for prevention of atherosclerosis. Dietary recommendations for prevention of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Res.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab173"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(01)00211-0","article-title":"Absorption and distribution of dietary fatty acids from different sources","volume":"65","author":"Amate","year":"2001","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm451","article-title":"Free Fatty Acids, Cardiovascular Mortality, and Cardiometabolic Stress","volume":"28","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"253","article-title":"Effect of dietary fat on lymphocyte proliferation and metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Otton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct. Cell. Biochem. Its Modul. Act. Agents Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607100024002113","article-title":"Effects of parenteral lipid emulsions with different fatty acid composition on immune cell functions in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Granato","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2003.12.004","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of oleic acid and linoleic acid on Jurkat cells","volume":"23","author":"Curi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(02)00095-4","article-title":"Ranking the toxicity of fatty acids on Jurkat and Raji cells by flow cytometric analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20060064","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of fatty acids on a macrophage cell line (J774)","volume":"111","author":"Giannocco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm343","article-title":"Elevated plasma free fatty acids predict sudden cardiac death: A 6.85-year follow-up of 3315 patients after coronary angiography","volume":"28","author":"Pilz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000521","article-title":"Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Risk of Heart Failure","volume":"6","author":"Benkeser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobczak, I.S., Blindauer, A., and Stewart, J. (2019). Changes in plasma free fatty acids associated with type-2 diabetes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092022"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4137","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4137","article-title":"WHO draft guidelines on dietary saturated and trans fatty acids: Time for a new approach?","volume":"366","author":"Astrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2139","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2139","article-title":"Dietary fat and cardiometabolic health: Evidence, controversies, and consensus for guidance","volume":"361","author":"Forouhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-014-2562-7","article-title":"The properties of lauric acid and their significance in coconut oil","volume":"92","author":"Dayrit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.5.1146","article-title":"Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials","volume":"77","author":"Mensink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108083250601","article-title":"A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"325","author":"Stampfer","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00065-9","article-title":"Atheroprotective mechanisms of HDL","volume":"144","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraswathi, V., Kumar, N., Gopal, T., Bhatt, S., Ai, W., Ma, C., Talmon, G., and Desouza, C. (2020). Lauric Acid versus Palmitic Acid: Effects on Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obesity. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9110346"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.5.895","article-title":"Comparison of effects of lauric acid and palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins","volume":"56","author":"Denke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.371","article-title":"Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids","volume":"59","author":"Tholstrup","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"466","article-title":"Lauric and palmitic acid-enriched diets have minimal impact on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and glucose metabolism in healthy young women","volume":"125","author":"Schwab","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.242","article-title":"Consumption of a solid fat rich in lauric acid results in a more favorable serum lipid profile in healthy men and women than consumption of a solid fat rich in trans-fatty acids","volume":"131","author":"Schouten","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.6.897","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men","volume":"63","author":"Temme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shramko, V.S., Polonskaya, Y.V., Kashtanova, E.V., Stakhneva, E.M., and Ragino, Y.I. (2020). The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081127"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.04.004","article-title":"Multiscale structures of lipids in foods as parameters affecting fatty acid bioavailability and lipid metabolism","volume":"52","author":"Michalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0590043","article-title":"Biological membranes","volume":"59","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201744","article-title":"Sensing phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes","volume":"11","author":"Kay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(69)90164-3","article-title":"Membrane expansion of erythrocyte ghosts by tranquilizers and anesthetics","volume":"183","author":"Seeman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Bba)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(75)90059-0","article-title":"Asymmetric membrane expansion and modification of active and passive cation permeability of human red cells by the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-napththalene sulfonate","volume":"413","author":"Fortes","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(91)90113-L","article-title":"Amphiphile-induced antihaemolysis is not causally related to shape changes and vesiculation","volume":"79","author":"Isomaa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Interact."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(86)90052-2","article-title":"Fatty acid induced hemolysis. Protective action of ceruloplasmin, albumins, thiols and vitamin C","volume":"18","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2018.0071","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: New insights","volume":"76","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol. (Pol. Heart J.)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6963","article-title":"Atherothrombosis and Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms and Management in Elderly","volume":"27","author":"Violi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03144-2","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1514-0_11","article-title":"Flow Cytofluorometric Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms of Premature Red Blood Cell Death","volume":"2326","author":"Alfhili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.05.013","article-title":"Epidemic dropsy toxin, sanguinarine chloride, stimulates sucrose-sensitive hemolysis and breakdown of membrane phospholipid asymmetry in human erythrocytes","volume":"199","author":"Alfhili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfhili, M.A., Alsalmi, E., Aljedai, A., Alsughayyir, J., Abudawood, M., and Basudan, A.M. (2021). Calcium-oxidative stress signaling axis and casein kinase 1\u03b1 mediate eryptosis and hemolysis elicited by novel p53 agonist inauhzin. J. Chemother., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2021.1963616"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721155","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Measured by Automated and Manual Methods in Anaemic Patients","volume":"12","author":"Narang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfhili, M.A., Alamri, H.S., Alsughayyir, J., and Basudan, A.M. (2021). Induction of hemolysis and eryptosis by occupational pollutant nickel chloride is mediated through calcium influx and p38 MAP kinase signaling. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 35.","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01814"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13710","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13710","article-title":"Reprogramming of erythrocyte lifespan by NF\u03baB-TNF\u03b1 naphthoquinone antagonist beta-lapachone is regulated by calcium overload and CK1\u03b1","volume":"45","author":"Alfhili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.1.98","article-title":"Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress in Saudi Women with Recurrent Miscarriage","volume":"31","author":"Ghneim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4807","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase activity and gene expression levels in Saudi women with recurrent miscarriage","volume":"13","author":"Ghneim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b20-00744","article-title":"Physcion Induces Hemolysis and Premature Phosphatidylserine Externalization in Human Erythrocytes","volume":"44","author":"Akiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2012.1394","article-title":"L-Cysteine Efflux in Erythrocytes As A Function of Human Age: Correlation with Reduced Glutathione and Total Anti-Oxidant Potential","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1159\/000447895","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Eryptosis","volume":"39","author":"Pretorius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1159\/000480469","article-title":"Methods Employed in Cytofluorometric Assessment of Eryptosis, the Suicidal Erythrocyte Death","volume":"43","author":"Fezai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.11.052","article-title":"A step-by-step protocol for assaying protein carbonylation in biological samples","volume":"1019","author":"Colombo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1622","article-title":"The energy-less red blood cell is lost: Erythrocyte enzyme abnormalities of glycolysis","volume":"106","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13977","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13977","article-title":"Antiproliferative Wnt inhibitor wogonin prevents eryptosis following ionophoric challenge, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress, and metabolic deprivation","volume":"45","author":"Alfhili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt010","article-title":"Suicidal erythrocyte death, eryptosis, as a novel mechanism in heart failure-associated anaemia","volume":"98","author":"Mahmud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20132021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00711898","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"16","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119839185","article-title":"Lauric acid induce cell death in colon cancer cells mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation: An in silico and in vitro study","volume":"38","author":"Sheela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2017.63","article-title":"The lauric acid-activated signaling prompts apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"3","author":"Lappano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000356067","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis by the medium-chain length fatty acid lauric acid in colon cancer cells due to induction of oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"Fauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2599","article-title":"Hemolytic anemia","volume":"69","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1700","article-title":"Hemin: A possible physiological mediator of low density lipoprotein oxidation and endothelial injury","volume":"11","author":"Balla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. A J. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-9-51","article-title":"The impact of renal insufficiency and anaemia on survival in patients with cardiovascular disease: A cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bmc Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"851","article-title":"Abnormal haemoglobin levels in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"99","author":"Bindra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"16","article-title":"Anemia as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease","volume":"6","author":"Zeidman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Imaj-Ramat Gan"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027970","article-title":"Pathophysiology of anaemia: Focus on the heart and blood vessels","volume":"15","author":"Metivier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.1183","article-title":"Mechanisms and Significance of Eryptosis","volume":"8","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9405617","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9405617","article-title":"Eryptosis: An Erythrocyte\u2019s Suicidal Type of Cell Death","volume":"2018","author":"Repsold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12555","article-title":"Enhanced suicidal erythrocyte death in acute cardiac failure","volume":"45","author":"Attanasio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1699","article-title":"Haematocrit, viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Meta-analyses of prospective studies of coronary heart disease","volume":"21","author":"Danesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.066","article-title":"Inflammation, as Measured by the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Is an Independent Predictor for the Development of Heart Failure","volume":"45","author":"IIngelsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg222","article-title":"Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, an Independent Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women: The Reykjavik Study","volume":"158","author":"Andresdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2148","article-title":"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: A possible marker of atherosclerosis and a strong predictor of coronary heart disease mortality","volume":"21","author":"Erikssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.211","article-title":"Disruption of erythrocyte membrane asymmetry by triclosan is preceded by calcium dysregulation and p38 MAPK and RIP1 stimulation","volume":"229","author":"Alfhili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.03.011","article-title":"Stimulation of eryptosis by broad-spectrum insect repellent N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET)","volume":"370","author":"Alfhili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2003.12.032","article-title":"A basis of the acanthocytosis in inherited and acquired disorders","volume":"62","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638027","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.638027","article-title":"Impaired Cytoskeletal and Membrane Biophysical Properties of Acanthocytes in Hypobetalipoproteinemia \u2013A Case Study","volume":"12","author":"Cloos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0090-x","article-title":"Antioxidant effect of astragalin isolated from the leaves of Morus alba L. against free radical-induced oxidative hemolysis of human red blood cells","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.01.008","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling","volume":"24","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senoner, T., and Dichtl, W. (2019). Oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: Still a therapeutic target?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092090"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"840","article-title":"Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: Experimental approaches and model systems","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.16.070196.000341","article-title":"Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease","volume":"16","author":"Halliwell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00024-V","article-title":"The characterization of antioxidants","volume":"33","author":"Halliwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00177-X","article-title":"Glutathione and its role in cellular functions","volume":"27","author":"Sies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"5732956","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor","volume":"2020","author":"Schipani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000012142.69612.25","article-title":"Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque morphology in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice unable to make ascorbic Acid","volume":"105","author":"Nakata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(01)00105-0","article-title":"Antioxidant therapy and atherosclerosis: Animal and human studies","volume":"11","author":"Meagher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy097","article-title":"Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"108","author":"Aune","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa245","article-title":"Selenium, antioxidants, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"112","author":"Jenkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.4.591","article-title":"AHA Science Advisory. Antioxidant consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: Emphasison vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association","volume":"99","author":"Tribble","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.003483","article-title":"Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation","volume":"94","author":"Sekhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1006","article-title":"Glutathione Synthesis Is Diminished in Patients With Uncontrolled Diabetes and Restored by Dietary Supplementation With Cysteine and Glycine","volume":"34","author":"Sekhar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.06.27","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and the clinical significance of myocardial redox","volume":"5","author":"Moris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.10.098","article-title":"Depressed glutathione synthesis precedes oxidative stress and atherogenesis in Apo-E\u2212\/\u2212mice","volume":"338","author":"Biswas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5028181","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5028181","article-title":"Glutathione \u201cRedox Homeostasis\u201d and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Bajic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/12\/3388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:33Z","timestamp":1760168313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/12\/3388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells10123388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10123388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}}}