{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:26:01Z","timestamp":1762543561783,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2021, FPRC 5xmille 2015 MIUR, progetto FUTURO to GV.","award":["Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2021, FPRC 5xmille 2015 MIUR, progetto FUTURO to GV."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2021, FPRC 5xmille 2015 MIUR, progetto FUTURO to GV."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death among women affected by gynaecological malignancies. Most patients show advanced disease at diagnosis (FIGO stage III-IV) and, despite the introduction of new therapeutic options, most women experience relapses. In most cases, recurrence is abdominal-pelvic; however, EOC can occasionally metastasize to distant organs, including the central nervous system. The incidence of brain metastases (BMs) from EOC is low, but it has grown over time; currently, there are no follow-up strategies available. In the last decade, a few biomarkers able to predict the risk of developing BMs from OC or as potential therapeutic targets have been investigated by several authors; to date, none have entered clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to offer a summary on the role of the most relevant predictors of central nervous system (CNS) involvement (hormone receptors; BRCA; MRD1; PD-1\/PD-L1) and to highlight possible therapeutic strategies for the management of metastatic brain disease in EOC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T20:59:33Z","timestamp":1638737973000},"page":"3408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biomarkers of Central Nervous System Involvement from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Scotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Borella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Turinetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Tuninetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Giannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0563-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Cosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Valabrega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-004-8093-6","article-title":"Brain metastases: Epidemiology and pathophysiology","volume":"75","author":"Gavrilovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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