{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:44:10Z","timestamp":1778280250449,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/L022699\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/L022699\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regenerative medicine aims to replace damaged tissues by stimulating endogenous tissue repair or by transplanting autologous or allogeneic cells. Due to their capacity to produce unlimited numbers of cells of a given cell type, pluripotent stem cells, whether of embryonic origin or induced via the reprogramming of somatic cells, are of considerable therapeutic interest in the regenerative medicine field. However, regardless of the cell type, host immune responses present a barrier to success. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the immunological properties of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). These cells expressed MHC class I molecules while they lacked MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86. Following stimulation with IFN-\u03b3, HLCs upregulated CD40, PD-L1 and MHC class I molecules. When co-cultured with allogeneic T cells, HLCs did not induce T cell proliferation; furthermore, when T cells were stimulated via \u03b1CD3\/CD28 beads, HLCs inhibited their proliferation via IDO1 and tryptophan deprivation. These results demonstrate that PSC-derived HLCs possess immunoregulatory functions, at least in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:01:19Z","timestamp":1640224879000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Inhibit T Cell Proliferation In Vitro through Tryptophan Starvation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6089-5828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Elgueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Mogrify, Cambridge CB4 0FW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"McCluskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ortega-Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary\u2019s Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Stolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2407-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Dazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Studies, Rayne Institute, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baltasar","family":"Lucendo-Villarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Meseguer-Ripolles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3206-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona M.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v6.i1.42","article-title":"Immunological Aspects of Liver Cell Transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Oldhafer","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. 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