{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:36:38Z","timestamp":1787027798045,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR 5179\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR 5179\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH 275\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH 275\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRR205, The Adrenal"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRR205, The Adrenal"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2014-StG 638573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2014-StG 638573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaf","award":["CRC1064 Chromatin Dynamics"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1064 Chromatin Dynamics"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs; however, their molecular mode of action remains complex and elusive. They bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a nuclear receptor that controls gene expression in almost all tissues in a cell type-specific manner. While GR\u2019s transcriptional targets mediate beneficial reactions in immune cells, they also harbor the potential of adverse metabolic effects in other cell types such as hepatocytes. Here, we have profiled nascent transcription upon glucocorticoid stimulation in LPS-activated primary murine macrophages using 4sU-seq. We compared our results to publicly available nascent transcriptomics data from murine liver and bioinformatically identified non-coding RNAs transcribed from intergenic GR binding sites in a tissue-specific fashion. These tissue-specific enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) correlate with target gene expression, reflecting cell type-specific glucocorticoid responses. We further associate GR-mediated eRNA expression with changes in H3K27 acetylation and BRD4 recruitment in inflammatory macrophages upon glucocorticoid treatment. In summary, we propose a common mechanism by which GR-bound enhancers regulate target gene expression by changes in histone acetylation, BRD4 recruitment and eRNA expression. We argue that local eRNAs are potential therapeutic targets downstream of GR signaling which may modulate glucocorticoid response in a cell type-specific way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Enhancer RNA Expression in Response to Glucocorticoid Treatment in Murine Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Franziska","family":"Greulich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Programming, TUM School of Life Sciences, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz Diabetes Center (IDO, IDC, IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten Adele","family":"Bielefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Diabetes Center (IDO, IDC, IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Scheundel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Programming, TUM School of Life Sciences, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Mechtidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Diabetes Center (IDO, IDC, IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Programming, TUM School of Life Sciences, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4220-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Henriette","family":"Uhlenhaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Programming, TUM School of Life Sciences, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz Diabetes Center (IDO, IDC, IDE), Helmholtz Center Munich HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"xi","article-title":"The daily rhythm of the secretion of corticotrophin and corticosterone in rats and mice","volume":"49","author":"Cheifetz","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. 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