{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:53:25Z","timestamp":1787849605043,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE1) and apolipoproteins (APOs) may play important roles in the development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aimed to examine the associations of AD, CVD, and endocrine-metabolic diseases (EMDs) with the levels of ACE1 and 9 APO proteins (ApoAI, ApoAII, ApoAIV, ApoB, ApoCI, ApoCIII, ApoD, ApoE, and ApoH). Non-Hispanic white individuals including 109 patients with AD, 356 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 373 CVD, 198 EMD and controls were selected from the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Multivariable general linear model (GLM) was used to examine the associations. ApoE \u03b54 allele was associated with AD, as well as ApoAIV, ApoB and ApoE proteins, but not associated with CVD and EMD. Both AD and CVD were associated with levels of ACE1, ApoB, and ApoH proteins. AD, MCI and EMD were associated with levels of ACE1, ApoAII, and ApoE proteins. This is the first study to report associations of ACE1 and several APO proteins with AD, MCI, CVD and EMD, respectively, including upregulated and downregulated protein levels. In conclusion, as specific or shared biomarkers, the levels of ACE1 and APO proteins are implicated for AD, CVD, EMD and ApoE \u03b54 allele. Further studies are required for validation to establish reliable biomarkers for these health conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Apolipoproteins Are Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7893-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Teas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Teas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongke","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaysie","family":"Ozuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Teas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Adjeroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lane Department of Computer Science & Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14506.1","article-title":"Current understanding of Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Weller","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102954","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype-associated disease risks: A phenome-wide, registry-based, case-control study utilising the UK Biobank","volume":"59","author":"Lumsden","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.06.002","article-title":"Evolution of human apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms: Gene structure, protein function and interaction with dietary factors","volume":"37","author":"Huebbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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