{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:44:36Z","timestamp":1790109876572,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoldering multiple myeloma is a heterogeneous asymptomatic precursor to multiple myeloma. Since its identification in 1980, risk stratification models have been developed using two main stratification methods: clinical measurement-based and genetics-based. Clinical measurement models can be subdivided in three types: baseline measurements (performed at diagnosis), evolving measurements (performed over time during follow-up appointments), and imaging (for example, magnetic resonance imaging). Genetic approaches include gene expression profiling, DNA\/RNA sequencing, and cytogenetics. It is important to accurately distinguish patients with indolent disease from those with aggressive disease, as clinical trials have shown that patients designated as \u201chigh-risk of progression\u201d have improved outcomes when treated early. The risk stratification models, and clinical trials are discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1641242978000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk Stratification and Treatment in Smoldering Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Lussier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Saint-Boniface, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Schoebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5797-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.60","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management","volume":"24","author":"Kyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04654.x","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma: Natural history and recognition of an evolving type","volume":"123","author":"Rosinol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. 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