{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:59:43Z","timestamp":1777100383080,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain tumor heterogeneity and progression are subject to complex interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Glioblastoma and brain metastasis can contain 30\u201340% of tumor-associated macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes, affecting migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here, we analyzed interactions between glial cells and LN229 glioblastoma or A375 melanoma cells in the context of motility and cell\u2013cell interactions in a 3D model. Furthermore, the effects of phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC), or their co-application were analyzed. Co-culture of tumor cells with glial cells had little effect on 3D spheroid formation, while treatment with cannabinoids led to significantly larger spheroids. The addition of astrocytes blocked cannabinoid-induced effects. None of the interventions affected cell death. Furthermore, glial cell-conditioned media led to a significant slowdown in collective, but not single-cell migration speed. Taken together, glial cells in glioblastoma and brain metastasis micromilieu impact the tumor spheroid formation, cell spreading, and motility. Since the size of spheroid remained unaffected in glial cell tumor co-cultures, phytocannabinoids increased the size of spheroids without any effects on migration. This aspect might be of relevance since phytocannabinoids are frequently used in tumor therapy for side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interaction of Glia Cells with Glioblastoma and Melanoma Cells under the Influence of Phytocannabinoids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8376-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Walsleben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chalid","family":"Ghadban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Kirchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPMM, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7615-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faramarz","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0304-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding the glioblastoma immune microenvironment as basis for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23718","article-title":"Astrocytes enhance glioblastoma growth","volume":"68","author":"Mega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21264","article-title":"The brain tumor microenvironment","volume":"60","author":"Charles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2310","article-title":"Cellular and molecular identity of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20485","article-title":"Microglia function in brain tumors","volume":"81","author":"Watters","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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