{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:00:09Z","timestamp":1794049209813,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M110002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M110002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007530","name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#105-2628-B-037-003-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#105-2628-B-037-003-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiologic studies have indicated that dyslipidemia may facilitate the progression of neuronal degeneration. However, the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on brain function, especially in older individuals, remain unclear. In this study, middle-aged 37-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks (i.e., until 67 weeks of age). To study the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on the brain, we analyzed spontaneous locomotor activity, cognitive function, and brain tissues in both groups of rats after 30 weeks. Compared with age-matched rats fed a ND, Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a HFD had dyslipidemia and showed decreased movement but normal recognition of a novel object. In our brain analyses, we observed a significant decrease in astrocytes and tyrosine hydroxylase\u2013containing neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of rats fed a HFD compared with rats fed a ND. However, hippocampal pyramidal neurons were not affected. Our findings indicate that the long-term consumption of a HFD may cause lipid metabolism overload in the brain and damage to glial cells. The decrease in astrocytes may lead to reduced protection of the brain and affect the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase\u2013containing neurons but not pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1642365840000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Long-Term High-Fat Diet Consumption Depletes Glial Cells and Tyrosine Hydroxylase\u2013Containing Neurons in the Brain of Middle-Aged Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1007-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Chuan","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5247-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Chin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Szu-Ying","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Kuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu-Huang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 37660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Han","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3995-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiou-Lan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center and MSc Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine Research, KMU Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24996","article-title":"Identifying prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pre-motor disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Postuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. 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