{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:30:57Z","timestamp":1788571857695,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione per la Ricerca Scientifica Termale","award":["Prof. Prisco Mirandola (VI bando)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prof. Prisco Mirandola (VI bando)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T cell-mediated adaptive immunity is designed to respond to non-self antigens and pathogens through the activation and proliferation of various T cell populations. T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and Treg cells finely orchestrate cellular responses through a plethora of paracrine and autocrine stimuli that include cytokines, autacoids, and hormones. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of these mediators able to induce\/inhibit immunological responses, playing a role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, asthma, acute pancreatitis, and sepsis. Both endogenous and exogenous H2S modulate numerous important cell signaling pathways. In monocytes, polymorphonuclear, and T cells H2S impacts on activation, survival, proliferation, polarization, adhesion pathways, and modulates cytokine production and sensitivity to chemokines. Here, we offer a comprehensive review on the role of H2S as a natural buffer able to maintain over time a functional balance between Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg immunological responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1642580457000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Buffering Adaptive Immunity by Hydrogen Sulfide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1197-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4765-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Masselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Carubbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Presta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0771-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ambrosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Foundation for the Research in Balneology, Via Po 22, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prisco","family":"Mirandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06246","article-title":"Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response","volume":"449","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212","article-title":"Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. 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