{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:31:43Z","timestamp":1789605103939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT project number 224520","award":["224520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholestasis, which is impaired bile flow from the liver into the intestine, can be caused by cholangitis and\/or bile duct obstruction. Cholangitis can arise from bacterial infections and cholelithiasis, however, immune-mediated cholangitis in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by a strong immune response targeting the biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Persistent biliary inflammation further represents a risk for biliary neoplasia, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) by driving chronic cellular stress in the BECs. Currently, immune-mediated cholangitis is considered a Th1-Th17-dominant disease, however, the presence of Th2-related mast cells (MCs) in tissue samples from PBC, PSC and CCA patients has been described, showing that these MCs are active players in these diseases. Here, we reviewed and discussed experimental and clinical data supporting a pro-fibrotic role for MCs in immune-mediated cholangitis as well as their participation in supporting tumor growth acting as angiogenesis promoters. Thus, although MCs have classically been identified as downstream effectors of Th2 responses in allergies and parasitic infections, evidence suggests that these MCs are relevant players in biliary inflammation and neoplasia. The availability of strategies to prevent MCs\u2019 activation represents a therapeutic opportunity in biliary diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1642969972000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mast Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangitis and Cholangiocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marisol I.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental y Regulaci\u00f3n de la Inflamaci\u00f3n Hepato-intestinal, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle T.","family":"Vannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopy Division, Boston Scientific Corporation, 200 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, MA 01752-1234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertus","family":"Eksteen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspen Woods Clinic, Calgary, AB T3H 0V5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2468-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ir\u00e1n","family":"Flores-Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental y Regulaci\u00f3n de la Inflamaci\u00f3n Hepato-intestinal, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental y Regulaci\u00f3n de la Inflamaci\u00f3n Hepato-intestinal, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.02.003","article-title":"Mast cell ontogeny: An historical overview","volume":"159","author":"Ribatti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. 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