{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:09:29Z","timestamp":1778105369490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-75-30039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-75-30039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bipedalism, speech, and intellect are the most prominent traits that emerged in the evolution of Homo sapiens. Here, we describe a novel genetic cause of an \u201cinvolution\u201d phenotype in four patients, who are characterized by quadrupedal locomotion, intellectual impairment, the absence of speech, small stature, and hirsutism, observed in a consanguineous Brazilian family. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis and homozygous genetic mapping, we identified genes bearing homozygous genetic variants and found a homozygous 36.2 kb deletion in the gene of glutamate receptor delta 2 (GRID2) in the patients, resulting in the lack of a coding region from the fifth to the seventh exons. The GRID2 gene is highly expressed in the cerebellum cortex from prenatal development to adulthood, specifically in Purkinje neurons. Deletion in this gene leads to the loss of the alpha chain in the extracellular amino-terminal protein domain (ATD), essential in protein folding and transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface. Then, we studied the evolutionary trajectories of the GRID2 gene. There was no sign of strong selection of the highly conservative GRID2 gene in ancient hominids (Neanderthals and Denisovans) or modern humans; however, according to in silico tests using the Mfold tool, the GRID2 gene possibly gained human-specific mutations that increased the stability of GRID2 mRNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:44:33Z","timestamp":1643143473000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neurodevelopmental Syndrome with Intellectual Disability, Speech Impairment, and Quadrupedia Is Associated with Glutamate Receptor Delta 2 Gene Defect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anastasia P.","family":"Grigorenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2422-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria S.","family":"Protasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra A.","family":"Lisenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis A.","family":"Reshetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana V.","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilberto De Lima","family":"Garcias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Da Gra\u00e7a","family":"Martino Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2210-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Papassotiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeny I.","family":"Rogaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"461","article-title":"Cerebellar hypoplasia and quadrupedal locomotion in humans as a recessive trait mapping to chromosome 17p","volume":"3","author":"Demirhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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