{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:58:11Z","timestamp":1778875091932,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Italy, under the aegis of EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND)","award":["PATHWAYS-200-059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PATHWAYS-200-059"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent the three major neurodegenerative dementias characterized by abnormal brain protein accumulation. In this study, we investigated extracellular vesicles (EVs) and neurotrophic factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 120 subjects: 36 with AD, 30 with DLB, 34 with FTD and 20 controls. Specifically, CSF EVs were analyzed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and neurotrophic factors were measured with ELISA. We found higher EV concentration and lower EV size in AD and DLB groups compared to the controls. Classification tree analysis demonstrated EV size as the best parameter able to discriminate the patients from the controls (96.7% vs. 3.3%, respectively). The diagnostic performance of the EV concentration\/size ratio resulted in a fair discrimination level with an area under the curve of 0.74. Moreover, the EV concentration\/size ratio was associated with the p-Tau181\/A\u03b242 ratio in AD patients. In addition, we described altered levels of cystatin C and progranulin in the DLB and AD groups. We did not find any correlation between neurotrophic factors and EV parameters. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest a common involvement of the endosomal pathway in neurodegenerative dementias, giving important insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1643420519000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid EV Concentration and Size Are Altered in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Longobardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Nicsanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Squitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology 5 and Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Tiraboschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology 5 and Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Saraceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Zanardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Binetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAC Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3537-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Fede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology 5 and Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2836-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Benussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Ghidoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25123","article-title":"Person-specific contribution of neuropathologies to cognitive loss in old age","volume":"83","author":"Boyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000113679","article-title":"Neuropathological aspects of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"5","author":"Jellinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.56","article-title":"Protein misfolding and neurodegeneration","volume":"65","author":"Soto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64700-1","article-title":"Intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulation in human brain","volume":"156","author":"Gouras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121","article-title":"Neurodegenerative tauopathies","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0909142","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"362","author":"Querfurth","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10557","article-title":"Neuropathological spectrum of synucleinopathies","volume":"18","author":"Jellinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X.M., Hou, L., Luo, X.N., Shi, H.S., Hu, G.Y., He, H.B., Chen, X.R., Zheng, D., Zhang, Y.F., and Tan, Y. (2013). Alterations of CSF cystatin C levels and their correlations with CSF A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 levels in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia with lewy bodies and the atrophic form of general paresis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055328"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10030724","article-title":"Molecular pathology of Lewy body diseases","volume":"10","author":"Beyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13588","article-title":"Molecular neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia: Insights into disease mechanisms from postmortem studies","volume":"138","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12526","article-title":"Review: Neuropathology of non-tau frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9269","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0147-18.2019","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20210202","article-title":"Microglia extracellular vesicles: Focus on molecular composition and biological function","volume":"49","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15482","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3258-14.2014","article-title":"Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in the nervous system","volume":"34","author":"Rajendran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdinocci, D., Radford, R.A., Siow, S.M., Chung, R.S., and Pountney, D.L. (2017). Potential Modes of Intercellular \u03b1-Synuclein Transmission. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201702.0020.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0072-x","article-title":"The role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019 disease","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00698","article-title":"Propagation of Tau via Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Avila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01347","article-title":"Exosome Production Is Key to Neuronal Endosomal Pathway Integrity in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Mathews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.013","article-title":"Cystatin C is released in association with exosomes: A new tool of neuronal communication which is unbalanced in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Ghidoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47524-7","article-title":"Neuroprotection mediated by cystatin C-loaded extracellular vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Sahoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.1.94","article-title":"Codeposition of cystatin C with amyloid-beta protein in the brain of Alzheimer disease patients","volume":"60","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2007.01.003","article-title":"Presenilin 2 is secreted in mouse primary neurons: A release enhanced by apoptosis","volume":"128","author":"Ghidoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.29","article-title":"Cystatin C inhibits amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models","volume":"39","author":"Mi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-010-0067-1","article-title":"Progranulin promotes neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation by regulating GSK-3\u03b2","volume":"1","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63113","article-title":"Progranulin deficiency promotes neuroinflammation and neuron loss following toxin-induced injury","volume":"122","author":"Martens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.001","article-title":"Loss of exosomes in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia","volume":"40","author":"Benussi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17514-3","article-title":"Trophic factors therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"175","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Br. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.09.008","article-title":"Neural Stem Cells Rescue Cognitive and Motor Dysfunction in a Transgenic Model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies through a BDNF-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Goldberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160044","article-title":"Neurotrophin signalling: Novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology","volume":"131","author":"Mitre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Haney, M.J., Gupta, R., Bohnsack, J.P., He, Z., Kabanov, A.V., and Batrakova, E.V. (2014). GDNF-transfected macrophages produce potent neuroprotective effects in Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106867"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667369","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.667369","article-title":"Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Size and Concentration Are Altered in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Dementia With Lewy Bodies, and Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"9","author":"Longobardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1113","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of the consortium on DLB international workshop","volume":"47","author":"McKeith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1546","article-title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria","volume":"51","author":"Neary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R. (2015). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R, Springer. [Corrected at 6th printing 2015]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benussi, L., Longobardi, A., Kocoglu, C., Carrara, M., Bellini, S., Ferrari, C., Nicsanu, R., Saraceno, C., Bonvicini, C., and Fostinelli, S. (2021). Investigating the Endo-Lysosomal System in Major Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Disease: Evidence for SORL1 as a Cross-Disease Gene. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413633"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group (1998). Consensus report of the Working Group on: \u201cMolecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u201d. Neurobiol. Aging, 19, 109\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(98)00022-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0470-4","article-title":"Transmission of \u03b1-synuclein-containing erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles across the blood-brain barrier via adsorptive mediated transcytosis: Another mechanism for initiation and progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"5","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e12190","article-title":"P-tau\/A\u03b242 and A\u03b242\/40 ratios in CSF are equally predictive of amyloid PET status","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24235","article-title":"Myeloid microvesicles in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with myelin damage and neuronal loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease","volume":"76","author":"Agosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.180","article-title":"Microglia convert aggregated amyloid-\u03b2 into neurotoxic forms through the shedding of microvesicles","volume":"21","author":"Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.277061","article-title":"Exosome-associated tau is secreted in tauopathy models and is selectively phosphorylated in cerebrospinal fluid in early Alzheimer disease","volume":"287","author":"Saman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.06.008","article-title":"Identification of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease by a profile of pathogenic proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Fiandaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guix, F.X., Corbett, G.T., Cha, D.J., Mustapic, M., Liu, W., Mengel, D., Chen, Z., Aikawa, E., Young-Pearse, T., and Kapogiannis, D. (2018). Detection of Aggregation-Competent Tau in Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030663"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180776","article-title":"Neuronal Exosome-Derived Human Tau is Toxic to Recipient Mouse Neurons in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Winston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0143-y","article-title":"The release and trans-synaptic transmission of Tau via exosomes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10977","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.324616","article-title":"Sphingolipid-modulated exosome secretion promotes clearance of amyloid-\u03b2 by microglia","volume":"287","author":"Yuyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16034800","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Friends or foes? Focus on a\u03b2-vesicle interaction","volume":"16","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1289","article-title":"The CST3 BB genotype and low cystatin C cerebrospinal fluid levels are associated with dementia in Lewy body disease","volume":"19","author":"Maetzler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22430","article-title":"Progranulin expression in the developing and adult murine brain","volume":"518","author":"Petkau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9712","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201809712","article-title":"CSF progranulin increases in the course of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and is associated with sTREM2, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline","volume":"10","author":"Capell","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/3\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:26Z","timestamp":1760134226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/3\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11030462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11030462","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}