{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:22:44Z","timestamp":1790007764113,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":284,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21bm0404068h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21bm0404068h0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of low back pain and most spinal disorders. As IVD degeneration is a major obstacle to the healthy life of so many individuals, it is a major issue that needs to be overcome. Currently, there is no clinical treatment for the regeneration of degenerated IVDs. However, recent advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering suggest the potential of cell-based and\/or biomaterial-based IVD regeneration therapies. These treatments may be indicated for patients with IVDs in the intermediate degenerative stage, a point where the number of viable cells decreases, and the structural integrity of the disc begins to collapse. However, there are many biological, biomechanical, and clinical challenges that must be overcome before the clinical application of these IVD regeneration therapies can be realized. This review summarizes the basic research and clinical trials literature on cell-based and biomaterial-based IVD regenerative therapies and outlines the important role of these strategies in regenerative treatment for IVD degenerative diseases, especially disc herniation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:19:06Z","timestamp":1644441546000},"page":"602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Biomaterials and Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration with a Focus on Biological and Biomechanical Functional Repair: Targeting Treatments for Disc Herniation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9841-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norimasa","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181557be9","article-title":"Low back pain recurrence in occupational environments","volume":"32","author":"Marras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E809","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815cd422","article-title":"From chronic low back pain to disability, a multifactorial mediated pathway: The InCHIANTI study","volume":"32","author":"Abate","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817144c3","article-title":"Association of psychosocial work characteristics with low back pain outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Mielenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.11.010","article-title":"Caspase 3 silencing inhibits biomechanical overload-induced intervertebral disk degeneration","volume":"184","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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