{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1789599726855,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"National University of Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF-2019-371\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2019-371\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia involves two major pathways, namely systemic oxidative stress and subsequent generalised inflammatory response, which eventually culminates in endothelial cell injury and the syndrome of pre-eclampsia with multi-organ dysfunction. Aspirin has been used to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, but it only possesses anti-inflammatory properties without any antioxidant effect. Hence, it can only partially alleviate the problem. Tocotrienols are a unique form of vitamin E with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can be exploited as a preventive agent for pre-eclampsia. Many preclinical models showed that tocotrienol can also prevent hypertension and ischaemic\/reperfusion injury, which are the two main features in pre-eclampsia. This review explores the mechanism of action of tocotrienol in relation to the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. In conclusion, the study provides sufficient justification for the establishment of a large clinical trial to thoroughly assess the capability of tocotrienol in preventing pre-eclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:37:46Z","timestamp":1644547066000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tocotrienol in Pre-Eclampsia Prevention: A Mechanistic Analysis in Relation to the Pathophysiological Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0856-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaleha Abdullah","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Yong","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik Lah","family":"Nik-Ahmad-Zuky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5475-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Kalok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahana","family":"Abdul Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803","article-title":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X","article-title":"Global causes of maternal death: A WHO systematic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Say","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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