{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:14:31Z","timestamp":1790640871794,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002531","name":"Kyungpook National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Development Project Research Fund, 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Development Project Research Fund, 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy is an adaptive self-eating process involved in degradation of various cellular components such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and organelles. Its activity plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis and systemic metabolism in response to diverse challenges, including nutrient depletion, pathogen invasion, and accumulations of toxic materials. Therefore, autophagy dysfunctions are intimately associated with many human diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, obesity, diabetes, infection, and aging. Although its acute post-translational regulation is well described, recent studies have also shown that autophagy can be controlled at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are in general ligand-dependent transcription factors consisting of 48 members in humans. These receptors extensively control transcription of a variety of genes involved in development, metabolism, and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the roles and mechanisms of NRs in an aspect of transcriptional regulation of hepatic autophagy, and how the NR-driven autophagy pathway can be harnessed to treat various liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:37:46Z","timestamp":1644547066000},"page":"620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Transcriptional Regulation of Hepatic Autophagy by Nuclear Receptors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eun Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Man","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm4024","article-title":"Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism","volume":"16","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.026","article-title":"Autophagy: Renovation of cells and tissues","volume":"147","author":"Mizushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06639","article-title":"Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion","volume":"451","author":"Mizushima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15548","article-title":"Autophagy mediates degradation of nuclear lamina","volume":"527","author":"Dou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14506","article-title":"Receptor-mediated selective autophagy degrades the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus","volume":"522","author":"Mochida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102808-114910","article-title":"Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0865-5","article-title":"Microautophagy: Lesser-known self-eating","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"523","article-title":"Uptake and degradation of proteins by isolated rat liver lysosomes. Suggestion of a microautophagic pathway of proteolysis","volume":"47","author":"Ahlberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.7.14733","article-title":"Microautophagy in mammalian cells: Revisiting a 40-year-old conundrum","volume":"7","author":"Mijaljica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0001-6","article-title":"The coming of age of chaperone-mediated autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Kaushik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2012.05.006","article-title":"Chaperone-mediated autophagy: A unique way to enter the lysosome world","volume":"22","author":"Kaushik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24148","article-title":"Nuclear receptors in liver disease","volume":"53","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043590","article-title":"Retinoid x receptor heterodimers in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"353","author":"Shulman","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.016","article-title":"Nuclear receptors: Decoding metabolic disease","volume":"582","author":"Sonoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayaf, K., Zanotto, I., Russo, F.P., Gabbia, D., and De Martin, S. (2021). The Nuclear Receptor PXR in Chronic Liver Disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010061"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, R., Su, L., Lai, S., Wang, Y., Zhao, D., Fan, J., Chen, W., Hylemon, P.B., and Zhou, H. (2021). Bile Acid Receptors and the Gut-Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112806"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrescu, A.D., and DeMorrow, S. (2021). Farnesoid X Receptor as Target for Therapies to Treat Cholestasis-Induced Liver Injury. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081846"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fougerat, A., Montagner, A., Loiseau, N., Guillou, H., and Wahli, W. (2020). Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Novel Ligands as Candidates for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071638"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07006","article-title":"Essential role for Nix in autophagic maturation of erythroid cells","volume":"454","author":"Sandoval","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008167","article-title":"Spermidine and resveratrol induce autophagy by distinct pathways converging on the acetylproteome","volume":"192","author":"Morselli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193497","article-title":"Autophagy and metabolism","volume":"330","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silwal, P., Paik, S., Jeon, S.M., and Jo, E.K. (2020). Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091979"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.028","article-title":"Methods in mammalian autophagy research","volume":"140","author":"Mizushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(06)74001-7","article-title":"Membrane origin for autophagy","volume":"74","author":"Reggiori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3696","article-title":"The autophagosome: Origins unknown, biogenesis complex","volume":"14","author":"Lamb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.9098","article-title":"Binding Rubicon to cross the Rubicon","volume":"5","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1846","article-title":"Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages","volume":"11","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(88)90556-6","article-title":"Prelysosomal convergence of autophagic and endocytic pathways","volume":"151","author":"Gordon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.006","article-title":"Metabolic control of autophagy","volume":"159","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun, Y., and Kim, J. (2018). Autophagy: An Essential Degradation Program for Cellular Homeostasis and Life. Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7120278"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3735","article-title":"Self-consumption: The interplay of autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2239","article-title":"Self-eating and self-killing: Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Maiuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulis, M., and Vindis, C. (2018). Autophagy in Metabolic Age-Related Human Diseases. Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7100149"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiskirchen, R., and Tacke, F. (2019). Relevance of Autophagy in Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells for Health and Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8010016"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazdani, H.O., Huang, H., and Tsung, A. (2019). Autophagy: Dual Response in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020091"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108863","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108863","article-title":"Autophagy in major human diseases","volume":"40","author":"Klionsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.01.004","article-title":"SnapShot: Selective autophagy","volume":"152","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2979","article-title":"Cargo recognition and trafficking in selective autophagy","volume":"16","author":"Stolz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.147.2.435","article-title":"Formation process of autophagosome is traced with Apg8\/Aut7p in yeast","volume":"147","author":"Kirisako","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3716","article-title":"The return of the nucleus: Transcriptional and epigenetic control of autophagy","volume":"15","author":"Fullgrabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.188920","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance","volume":"129","author":"Fullgrabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00114","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Autophagy: Mechanisms and Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Cinque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.12.027","article-title":"Epigenetic Control of Autophagy: Nuclear Events Gain More Attention","volume":"65","author":"Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5548.1866","article-title":"Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: Opening the X-files","volume":"294","author":"Chawla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.012","article-title":"Nuclear Receptors, RXR, and the Big Bang","volume":"157","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1025","article-title":"PPARs and the complex journey to obesity","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.45.29291","article-title":"Nuclear integration of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling by CREB-binding protein and steroid receptor coactivator-1","volume":"273","author":"Sheppard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.027","article-title":"Widespread negative response elements mediate direct repression by agonist-liganded glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"145","author":"Surjit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000","article-title":"A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen","volume":"20","author":"Knutti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.212175.116","article-title":"Transcription factor assisted loading and enhancer dynamics dictate the hepatic fasting response","volume":"27","author":"Goldstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152664","article-title":"Prenatal dexamethasone exposure caused fetal rats liver dysplasia by inhibiting autophagy-mediated cell proliferation","volume":"449","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.10.036","article-title":"Estrogen-receptor biology: Continuing progress and therapeutic implications","volume":"23","author":"Osborne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.026","article-title":"Foxa1 and Foxa2 are essential for sexual dimorphism in liver cancer","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.018","article-title":"FoxA1 translates epigenetic signatures into enhancer-driven lineage-specific transcription","volume":"132","author":"Lupien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.008","article-title":"Chromosome-wide mapping of estrogen receptor binding reveals long-range regulation requiring the forkhead protein FoxA1","volume":"122","author":"Carroll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.08.037","article-title":"Distinct properties of cell-type-specific and shared transcription factor binding sites","volume":"52","author":"Gertz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0121","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of estrogen receptor alpha-binding sites in mouse liver","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0012","article-title":"Long-term administration of estradiol decreases expression of hepatic lipogenic genes and improves insulin sensitivity in ob\/ob mice: A possible mechanism is through direct regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0567-3","article-title":"Estrogen and estrogen receptors chauffeur the sex-biased autophagic action in liver","volume":"27","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E884","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90438.2008","article-title":"Hepatic regulation of fatty acid synthase by insulin and T3: Evidence for T3 genomic and nongenomic actions","volume":"295","author":"Radenne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005894200","article-title":"Thyroid hormone stimulates acetyl-coA carboxylase-alpha transcription in hepatocytes by modulating the composition of nuclear receptor complexes bound to a thyroid hormone response element","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0116","article-title":"Mouse sterol response element binding protein-1c gene expression is negatively regulated by thyroid hormone","volume":"147","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.06175-11","article-title":"Genome-wide profiling of liver X receptor, retinoid X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mouse liver reveals extensive sharing of binding sites","volume":"32","author":"Boergesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/377397a0","article-title":"Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor","volume":"377","author":"Horlein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5122","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.15.5122-5131.2003","article-title":"The N-CoR\/histone deacetylase 3 complex is required for repression by thyroid hormone receptor","volume":"23","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(99)80021-5","article-title":"Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22572","article-title":"Reduction of hepatic steatosis in rats and mice after treatment with a liver-targeted thyroid hormone receptor agonist","volume":"49","author":"Cable","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-108464","article-title":"Thyroid hormone (T3) and TRbeta agonist GC-1 inhibit\/reverse nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats","volume":"22","author":"Perra","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60580","article-title":"Thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic lipid catabolism via activation of autophagy","volume":"122","author":"Sinha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.26126","article-title":"Chromosome 19 open reading frame 80 is upregulated by thyroid hormone and modulates autophagy and lipid metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1061849","article-title":"Thyroid hormone induction of mitochondrial activity is coupled to mitophagy via ROS-AMPK-ULK1 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, B.K., Sinha, R.A., Tripathi, M., Mendoza, A., Ohba, K., Sy, J.A.C., Xie, S.Y., Zhou, J., Ho, J.P., and Chang, C.Y. (2018). Thyroid hormone receptor and ERRalpha coordinately regulate mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, biogenesis, and function. Sci. Signal., 11.","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aam5855"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1230583","article-title":"Thyroid hormone suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis via DAPK2 and SQSTM1-dependent selective autophagy","volume":"12","author":"Chi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2887","article-title":"Impaired restoration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-1-infected patients with poor CD4 T cell reconstitution is associated with decrease in capacity to produce IFN-alpha but not proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"181","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.058","article-title":"Effects of calcium and of the Vitamin D system on skeletal and calcium homeostasis: Lessons from genetic models","volume":"89\u201390","author":"Goltzman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070477","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor","volume":"296","author":"Makishima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0002","article-title":"Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands","volume":"26","author":"Nagpal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"3329","article-title":"Ligand modulates the conversion of DNA-bound vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) homodimers into VDR-retinoid X receptor heterodimers","volume":"14","author":"Cheskis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.08.006","article-title":"Corepressors (NCoR and SMRT) as well as coactivators are recruited to positively regulated 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-responsive genes","volume":"136","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.049","article-title":"Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network","volume":"126","author":"Bookout","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50176","article-title":"The normal liver harbors the vitamin D nuclear receptor in nonparenchymal and biliary epithelial cells","volume":"37","author":"Demers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.03.028","article-title":"A vitamin D receptor\/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response","volume":"153","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.11.028","article-title":"Impact of artificial sunlight therapy on the progress of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats","volume":"55","author":"Nakano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21757","article-title":"1,25(OH)2D3 attenuates hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy in mice","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108694","article-title":"Calcitriol alleviates ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity via AMPK\/mTOR-mediated autophagy","volume":"697","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.09.001","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Inagaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198363","article-title":"FGF19 as a postprandial, insulin-independent activator of hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis","volume":"331","author":"Kir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.10.003","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor: A \u201chomeostat\u201d for hepatic nutrient metabolism","volume":"1864","author":"Massafra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00404-2","article-title":"The role of farnesoid X receptor in metabolic diseases, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.289","article-title":"FXR: A metabolic regulator and cell protector","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.033104.152158","article-title":"LXRS and FXR: The yin and yang of cholesterol and fat metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Kalaany","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00097-0","article-title":"Don\u2019t know much bile-ology","volume":"103","author":"Chawla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121435","article-title":"Nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling is required for normal liver regeneration","volume":"312","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13135","article-title":"FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy","volume":"509","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(00)00043-8","article-title":"FXR, a bile acid receptor and biological sensor","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1362","article-title":"Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids","volume":"284","author":"Makishima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1365","article-title":"Bile acids: Natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor","volume":"284","author":"Parks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80348-2","article-title":"Endogenous bile acids are ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR\/BAR","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Sayin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3384","article-title":"Microbiome remodelling leads to inhibition of intestinal farnesoid X receptor signalling and decreased obesity","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1021\/jm025529g","article-title":"6alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a potent and selective FXR agonist endowed with anticholestatic activity","volume":"45","author":"Pellicciari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0002127","article-title":"Identification of a chemical tool for the orphan nuclear receptor FXR","volume":"43","author":"Maloney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00104-7","article-title":"A chemical, genetic, and structural analysis of the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR","volume":"11","author":"Downes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072891","article-title":"A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR","volume":"296","author":"Urizar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0133","article-title":"The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans, cafestol, as an agonist ligand for the farnesoid and pregnane X receptors","volume":"21","author":"Ricketts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.04.016","article-title":"Bile acids are nutrient signaling hormones","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166133","article-title":"FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism","volume":"1867","author":"Panzitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000450912","article-title":"Regulation of Liver Energy Balance by the Nuclear Receptors Farnesoid X Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor alpha","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88893","article-title":"Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors PPARalpha and FXR control liver energy balance","volume":"127","author":"Preidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, J.A., Thomas, A.M., Li, G., Kong, B., Zhan, L., Inaba, Y., Xie, W., Ding, W.X., and Guo, G.L. (2012). Tissue specific induction of p62\/Sqstm1 by farnesoid X receptor. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043961"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft246","article-title":"Suppression of autophagic flux by bile acids in hepatocytes","volume":"137","author":"Manley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13949","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of autophagy by an FXR-CREB axis","volume":"516","author":"Seok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13961","article-title":"Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors coordinate autophagy","volume":"516","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13939","article-title":"Cell metabolism: Autophagy transcribed","volume":"516","author":"Settembre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29199","article-title":"Hepatic FXR\/SHP axis modulates systemic glucose and fatty acid homeostasis in aged mice","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.007","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor regulates forkhead Box O3a activation in ethanol-induced autophagy and hepatotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Manley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.034","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts farnesoid X receptor-antagonistic effects on bile acid and lipid metabolism in morbid obesity","volume":"62","author":"Mueller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.014","article-title":"FXR-dependent Rubicon induction impairs autophagy in models of human cholestasis","volume":"72","author":"Panzitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.166017","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis\u2014CholestoPHAGY or CholeSTOPagy","volume":"1867","author":"Panzitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.4.1440","article-title":"Interaction of the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor and retinoid X receptor","volume":"90","author":"Gearing","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90707-2","article-title":"The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor interacts with the retinoid X receptor in vivo","volume":"148","author":"Miyata","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1378","article-title":"PPAR-RXR heterodimer activates a peroxisome proliferator response element upstream of the bifunctional enzyme gene","volume":"192","author":"Bardot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00918.x","article-title":"PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene","volume":"15","author":"Schoonjans","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/347645a0","article-title":"Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators","volume":"347","author":"Issemann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90031-7","article-title":"Control of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors","volume":"68","author":"Dreyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7355","article-title":"Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"91","author":"Kliewer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90006-X","article-title":"Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPAR gamma 2, a lipid-activated transcription factor","volume":"79","author":"Tontonoz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00269-1","article-title":"Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90194-9","article-title":"A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation","volume":"83","author":"Kliewer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199912000-00011","article-title":"Fibrates, dyslipoproteinaemia and cardiovascular disease","volume":"10","author":"Watts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12953","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.22.12953","article-title":"An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma)","volume":"270","author":"Lehmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90193-0","article-title":"15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma","volume":"83","author":"Forman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0269fje","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta controls muscle development and oxidative capability","volume":"17","author":"Luquet","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.X., Zhang, C.L., Yu, R.T., Cho, H.K., Nelson, M.C., Bayuga-Ocampo, C.R., Ham, J., Kang, H., and Evans, R.M. (2004). Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARdelta. PLoS Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020294"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.051","article-title":"AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics","volume":"134","author":"Narkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.006","article-title":"PPARdelta Promotes Running Endurance by Preserving Glucose","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174447","article-title":"A gene network regulating lysosomal biogenesis and function","volume":"325","author":"Sardiello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204592","article-title":"TFEB links autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis","volume":"332","author":"Settembre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2718","article-title":"TFEB controls cellular lipid metabolism through a starvation-induced autoregulatory loop","volume":"15","author":"Settembre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.11.17166","article-title":"TFEB regulates autophagy: An integrated coordination of cellular degradation and recycling processes","volume":"7","author":"Settembre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.32","article-title":"A lysosome-to-nucleus signalling mechanism senses and regulates the lysosome via mTOR and TFEB","volume":"31","author":"Settembre","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3565","article-title":"Signals from the lysosome: A control centre for cellular clearance and energy metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Settembre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07976","article-title":"Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism","volume":"458","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282041","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/282041","article-title":"Lipophagy: Connecting autophagy and lipid metabolism","volume":"2012","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.63","article-title":"Regulation of lipid stores and metabolism by lipophagy","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00093-F","article-title":"Fatty acid activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)","volume":"53","author":"Bocos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, R.A., Rajak, S., Singh, B.K., and Yen, P.M. (2020). Hepatic Lipid Catabolism via PPARalpha-Lysosomal Crosstalk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072391"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1397","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.361","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation attenuates the inflammatory response to protect the liver from acute failure by promoting the autophagy pathway","volume":"5","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2151","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.56","article-title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta promotes autophagy to protect mice from acute liver failure mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26188","article-title":"MiR-19a Affects Hepatocyte Autophagy via Regulating lncRNA NBR2 and AMPK\/PPARalpha in D-GalN\/Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Hepatocytes","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.003","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARalpha-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21","volume":"5","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904187106","article-title":"FGF21 induces PGC-1alpha and regulates carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism during the adaptive starvation response","volume":"106","author":"Potthoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28449B","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21: From pharmacology to physiology","volume":"91","author":"Kliewer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.04.157","article-title":"FGF21 mediates the protective effect of fenofibrate against acetaminophen -induced hepatotoxicity via activating autophagy in mice","volume":"503","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14384-z","article-title":"Fasting-induced FGF21 signaling activates hepatic autophagy and lipid degradation via JMJD3 histone demethylase","volume":"11","author":"Byun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800463","article-title":"Zinc reduces hepatic lipid deposition and activates lipophagy via Zn(2+)\/MTF-1\/PPARalpha and Ca(2+)\/CaMKKbeta\/AMPK pathways","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.044","article-title":"Autophagy releases lipid that promotes fibrogenesis by activated hepatic stellate cells in mice and in human tissues","volume":"142","author":"Rozenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.019","article-title":"Taurine protected As2O3-induced the activation of hepatic stellate cells through inhibiting PPARalpha-autophagy pathway","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08829-3","article-title":"Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism through selective turnover of NCoR1","volume":"10","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09598-9","article-title":"The class 3 PI3K coordinates autophagy and mitochondrial lipid catabolism by controlling nuclear receptor PPARalpha","volume":"10","author":"Iershov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.141","article-title":"Involvement of PPARgamma in the antitumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Vara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09702-3","article-title":"Pioglitazone Enhances Cytosolic Lipolysis, beta-oxidation and Autophagy to Ameliorate Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"7","author":"Hsiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27733","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27733","article-title":"Taurine protects against As2O3-induced autophagy in livers of rat offsprings through PPARgamma pathway","volume":"6","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1458-8","article-title":"PPARdelta attenuates hepatic steatosis through autophagy-mediated fatty acid oxidation","volume":"10","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.9.1033","article-title":"LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway","volume":"9","author":"Willy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.16.1.459","article-title":"The role of orphan nuclear receptors in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Repa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59817","article-title":"Liver LXRalpha expression is crucial for whole body cholesterol homeostasis and reverse cholesterol transport in mice","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81432-4","article-title":"Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha","volume":"93","author":"Peet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.844900","article-title":"Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta","volume":"14","author":"Repa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.850400","article-title":"Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31423","article-title":"Liver X Receptor Alpha Activation Inhibits Autophagy and Lipophagy in Hepatocytes by Dysregulating Autophagy-Related 4B Cysteine Peptidase and Rab-8B, Reducing Mitochondrial Fuel Oxidation","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1425059","article-title":"Ligand-dependent transcriptional induction of lethal autophagy: A new perspective for cancer treatment","volume":"14","author":"Segala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2444S","article-title":"The nuclear pregnane X receptor regulates xenobiotic detoxification","volume":"133","author":"Kliewer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd753","article-title":"PXR, CAR and drug metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Willson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.12.003","article-title":"Identification of pregnane X receptor binding sites in the regulatory regions of genes involved in bile acid homeostasis","volume":"346","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq654","article-title":"ChIPing the cistrome of PXR in mouse liver","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.06.1066","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of PXR on ammonia-induced hepatocyte autophagy via P53","volume":"295","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03768-8","article-title":"Prevention of D-GalN\/LPS-induced ALI by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid through PXR-mediated inhibition of autophagy degradation","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/35038112","article-title":"The nuclear receptor CAR mediates specific xenobiotic induction of drug metabolism","volume":"407","author":"Wei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"1544","article-title":"A new orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that interacts with a subset of retinoic acid response elements","volume":"14","author":"Baes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.10.5652","article-title":"The nuclear orphan receptor CAR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer activates the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module of the CYP2B gene","volume":"18","author":"Honkakoski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117301","article-title":"The protection of selenium against cadmium-induced mitophagy via modulating nuclear xenobiotic receptors response and oxidative stress in the liver of rabbits","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.4.464","article-title":"Mammalian hepatocyte differentiation requires the transcription factor HNF-4alpha","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50273","article-title":"HNF4: A central regulator of hepatocyte differentiation and function","volume":"37","author":"Watt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/33185","article-title":"Fatty acyl-CoA thioesters are ligands of hepatic nuclear factor-4alpha","volume":"392","author":"Hertz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.05.014","article-title":"HNF4alpha antagonists discovered by a high-throughput screen for modulators of the human insulin promoter","volume":"19","author":"Kiselyuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1006-7","article-title":"Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha and farnesoid X receptor co-regulates gene transcription in mouse livers on a genome-wide scale","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45139","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405423200","article-title":"Ligand-activated pregnane X receptor interferes with HNF-4 signaling by targeting a common coactivator PGC-1alpha. Functional implications in hepatic cholesterol and glucose metabolism","volume":"279","author":"Bhalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14537","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510713200","article-title":"Functional inhibitory cross-talk between constitutive androstane receptor and hepatic nuclear factor-4 in hepatic lipid\/glucose metabolism is mediated by competition for binding to the DR1 motif and to the common coactivators, GRIP-1 and PGC-1alpha","volume":"281","author":"Miao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.4.1393-1403.2001","article-title":"Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (nuclear receptor 2A1) is essential for maintenance of hepatic gene expression and lipid homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Hayhurst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.217828","article-title":"Hepatic hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha is essential for maintaining triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1827779","article-title":"Mir214-3p and Hnf4a\/Hnf4alpha reciprocally regulate Ulk1 expression and autophagy in nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00825-5","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator","volume":"110","author":"Preitner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198125","article-title":"A circadian rhythm orchestrated by histone deacetylase 3 controls hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"331","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"1128","article-title":"A novel member of the thyroid\/steroid hormone receptor family is encoded by the opposite strand of the rat c-erbA alpha transcriptional unit","volume":"9","author":"Lazar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Cross-talk among ROR alpha 1 and the Rev-erb family of orphan nuclear receptors","volume":"8","author":"Forman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150179","article-title":"Rev-erbalpha, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways","volume":"318","author":"Yin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1344","article-title":"Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBalpha and REV-ERBbeta","volume":"14","author":"Raghuram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405277232","article-title":"Differential control of Bmal1 circadian transcription by REV-ERB and ROR nuclear receptors","volume":"20","author":"Guillaumond","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.H., and Lazar, M.A. (2020). Transcriptional Control of Circadian Rhythms and Metabolism: A Matter of Time and Space. Endocr. Rev., 41.","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa014"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1183843","article-title":"The circadian clock regulates autophagy directly through the nuclear hormone receptor Nr1d1\/Rev-erbalpha and indirectly via Cebpb\/(C\/ebpbeta) in zebrafish","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.023","article-title":"Autophagy Regulates the Liver Clock and Glucose Metabolism by Degrading CRY1","volume":"28","author":"Toledo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3132\/dvdr.2008.0014","article-title":"The nuclear receptors Rev-erbs and RORs integrate circadian rhythms and metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Duez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3021","article-title":"GENE REGULATION. Discrete functions of nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha couple metabolism to the clock","volume":"348","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1785","article-title":"RORalpha Enhances Lysosomal Acidification and Autophagic Flux in the Hepatocytes","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00592-1","article-title":"To ERR in the estrogen pathway","volume":"13","author":"Giguere","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00206","article-title":"ERRalpha as a Bridge Between Transcription and Function: Role in Liver Metabolism and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.12.005","article-title":"ERRgamma: A Junior Orphan with a Senior Role in Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Misra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/331091a0","article-title":"Identification of a new class of steroid hormone receptors","volume":"331","author":"Giguere","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0017","article-title":"Transcriptional control of energy homeostasis by the estrogen-related receptors","volume":"29","author":"Giguere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1339001","article-title":"ESRRA (estrogen-related receptor alpha) is a key coordinator of transcriptional and post-translational activation of autophagy to promote innate host defense","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5266.1336","article-title":"An orphan nuclear hormone receptor that lacks a DNA binding domain and heterodimerizes with other receptors","volume":"272","author":"Seol","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00154-5","article-title":"Loss of nuclear receptor SHP impairs but does not eliminate negative feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Kerr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00187-9","article-title":"Redundant pathways for negative feedback regulation of bile acid production","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.10.006","article-title":"Role of nuclear receptor SHP in metabolism and cancer","volume":"1812","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695500","article-title":"A postprandial FGF19-SHP-LSD1 regulatory axis mediates epigenetic repression of hepatic autophagy","volume":"36","author":"Byun","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/122175","article-title":"The small heterodimer partner inhibits activation of hepatic stellate cells via autophagy","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/4\/620\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:18:03Z","timestamp":1760134683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/4\/620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11040620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11040620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]}}}