{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:09:18Z","timestamp":1790633358845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFO311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFO311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRACTIS \u2013 Clinician Scientist Program of Hannover Medical School, (DFG, ME 3696\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRACTIS \u2013 Clinician Scientist Program of Hannover Medical School, (DFG, ME 3696\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["European Consolidator Grant, XHaLe (ref. no. 771883)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["European Consolidator Grant, XHaLe (ref. no. 771883)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fibroblastic foci (FF) are characteristic features of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)\/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and one cardinal feature thought to represent a key mechanism of pathogenesis. Hence, FF have a high impact on UIP\/IPF diagnosis in current guidelines. However, although less frequent, these histomorphological hallmarks also occur in other fibrotic pulmonary diseases. Currently, there is therefore a gap in knowledge regarding the underlying molecular similarities and differences of FF in different disease entities. Methods: In this work, we analyzed the compartment-specific gene expression profiles of FF in IPF and sarcoidosis in order to elucidate similarities and differences as well as shared pathomechanisms. For this purpose, we used laser capture microdissection, mRNA and protein expression analysis. Biological pathway analysis was performed using two different gene expression databases. As control samples, we used healthy lung tissue that was donated but not used for lung transplantation. Results: Based on Holm Bonferroni corrected expression data, mRNA expression analysis revealed a significantly altered expression signature for 136 out of 760 genes compared to healthy controls while half of these showed a similar regulation in both groups. Immunostaining of selected markers from each group corroborated these results. However, when comparing all differentially expressed genes with the fdr-based expression data, only 2 of these genes were differentially expressed between sarcoidosis and IPF compared to controls, i.e., calcium transport protein 1 (CAT1) and SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (SMURF1), both in the sarcoidosis group. Direct comparison of sarcoidosis and IPF did not show any differentially regulated genes independent from the statistical methodology. Biological pathway analysis revealed a number of fibrosis-related pathways pronounced in IPF without differences in the regulatory direction. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that FF of end-stage IPF and sarcoidosis lungs, although different in initiation, are similar in gene and protein expression, encouraging further studies on the use of antifibrotic agents in sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression in Fibroblastic Foci in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Pulmonary Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan C.","family":"Kamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan B.","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caja","family":"Boekhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison D.","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplant and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Haverich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplant and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Welte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3673-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Braubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Laenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius M.","family":"Hoeper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Kuehnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny D.","family":"Jonigk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60052-4","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"378","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL","article-title":"An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Statement: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence-based Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management","volume":"183","author":"Raghu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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