{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:20:48Z","timestamp":1789237248599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008751","name":"Federal Institute for Risk Assessment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FK 3-1329-432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK 3-1329-432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.","award":["Internal project funding and CIMD_CED-AhR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal project funding and CIMD_CED-AhR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on immunomodulatory effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation through benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) during systemic bacterial infection. Using a well-established mouse model of systemic Salmonella enterica (S.E.) infection, we studied the influence of BaP on the cellular and humoral immune response and the outcome of disease. BaP exposure significantly reduced mortality, which is mainly caused by septic shock. Surprisingly, the bacterial burden in BaP-exposed surviving mice was significantly higher compared to non-exposed mice. During the early phase of infection (days 1\u20133 post-infection (p.i.)), the transcription of proinflammatory factors (i.e., IL-12, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-18) was induced faster under BaP exposure. Moreover, BaP supported the activity of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., CD64 (Fc\u03b3RI), MHC II, NO radicals, phagocytosis) at the site of infection. However, early in infection, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-22 were also locally and systemically upregulated in BaP-exposed S.E.-infected mice. BaP-exposure resulted in long-term persistence of salmonellae up to day 90 p.i., which was accompanied by significantly elevated S.E.-specific antibody responses (i.e., IgG1, IgG2c). In summary, these data suggest that BaP-induced AhR activation is capable of preventing a fatal outcome of systemic S.E. infection, but may result in long-term bacterial persistence, which, in turn, may support the development of chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1645431286000},"page":"737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation by Benzo[a]pyrene Prevents Development of Septic Shock and Fatal Outcome in a Mouse Model of Systemic Salmonella enterica Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christiane","family":"Fueldner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Riemschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Haupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Jungnickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Zoldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunna","family":"Hauschildt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Knauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Luch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kalkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences, 96450 Coburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2006.151","article-title":"Transcriptional signatures of immune cells in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-proficient and AHR-deficient mice","volume":"387","author":"Frericks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. 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