{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T11:10:08Z","timestamp":1770549008788,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the first clinical symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 infection is olfactory\u2013gustatory deficit; this continues for weeks and, in some cases, can be persistent. We prospectively evaluated 162 patients affected by COVID-19 using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal and olfactory\u2013gustatory symptoms. Patients were checked after 7, 14, 21, 28, 90, and 180 days. A total of 118 patients (72.8%) reported an olfactory VAS &lt; 7 at baseline (group B), and 44 (27.2%) reported anosmia (VAS \u2265 7) (group A) and underwent the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) and Burghart Taste Strips (BTS) to quantify the deficit objectively and repeated the tests to confirm the sense recovery. Group A patients showed B-SIT anosmia and hyposmia in 44.2% and 55.8% of cases, respectively. A total of 88.6% of group A patients reported ageusia with VAS \u2265 7, and BTS confirmed 81.8% of ageusia and 18.2% of hypogeusia. VAS smell recovery was recorded starting from 14 days, with normalization at 28 days. The 28-day B-SIT score showed normosmia in 90.6% of group A patients. The mean time for full recovery (VAS = 0) was shorter in group B (22.9 days) than in group A (31.9 days). Chemosensory deficit is frequently the first symptom in patients with COVID-19, and, in most cases, recovery occurs after four weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:22:35Z","timestamp":1645687355000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Long-Term Subjective and Objective Assessment of Smell and Taste in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ciofalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Cavaliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Masieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Di Chicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9194-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Fatuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Lo Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2050-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Baroncelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Global Heath, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elona","family":"Begvarfaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Adduci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivano","family":"Mezzaroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Maria","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"de Vincentiis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loris","family":"Zamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8786-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Artico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 18). 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