{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:02:08Z","timestamp":1790899328115,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the early 1970s, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and named high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the most studied HMG protein that detects and coordinates cellular stress response. The biological function of HMGB1 depends on its subcellular localization and expression. It plays a critical role in the nucleus and cytoplasm as DNA chaperone, chromosome gatekeeper, autophagy maintainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death. HMGB1 also functions as an extracellular alarmin acting as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). Recent findings describe HMGB1 as a sophisticated signal of danger, with a pleiotropic function, which is useful as a clinical biomarker for several disorders. HMGB1 has emerged as a mediator in acute and chronic inflammation. Furthermore, HMGB1 targeting can induce beneficial effects on oxidative stress related diseases. This review focus on HMGB1 redox status, localization, mechanisms of release, binding with receptors, and its activities in different oxidative stress-related chronic diseases. Since a growing number of reports show the key role of HMGB1 in socially relevant pathological conditions, to our knowledge, for the first time, here we analyze the scientific literature, evaluating the number of publications focusing on HMGB1 in humans and animal models, per year, from 2006 to 2021 and the number of records published, yearly, per disease and category (studies on humans and animal models).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T21:25:14Z","timestamp":1646169914000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["High Mobility Group Box 1: Biological Functions and Relevance in Oxidative Stress Related Chronic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2192-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Taverna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology Institute (IFC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2533-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cammarata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Cuttitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Bucchieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.370","article-title":"The performance of the alarmin HMGB1 in pediatric diseases: From lab to clinic","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.02.011","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) operates as an alarmin outside as well as inside cells","volume":"38","author":"Andersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. 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