{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T04:17:29Z","timestamp":1777177049160,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common x-chromosomal inherited dystrophinopathy which leads to progressive muscle weakness and a premature death due to cardiorespiratory dysfunction. The mdx mouse lacks functional dystrophin protein and has a comparatively human-like diaphragm phenotype. To date, diaphragm function can only be inadequately mapped in preclinical studies and a simple reliable translatable method of tracking the severity of the disease still lacks. We aimed to establish a sensitive, reliable, harmless and easy way to assess the effects of respiratory muscle weakness and subsequent irregularity in breathing pattern. Optical respiratory dynamics tracking (ORDT) was developed utilising a camera to track the movement of paper markers placed on the thoracic-abdominal region of the mouse. ORDT successfully distinguished diseased mdx phenotype from healthy controls by measuring significantly higher expiration constants (k) in mdx mice compared to wildtype (wt), which were also observed in the established X-ray based lung function (XLF). In contrast to XLF, with ORDT we were able to distinguish distinct fast and slow expiratory phases. In mdx mice, a larger part of the expiratory marker displacement was achieved in this initial fast phase as compared to wt mice. This phenomenon could not be observed in the XLF measurements. We further validated the simplicity and reliability of our approach by demonstrating that it can be performed using free-hand smartphone acquisition. We conclude that ORDT has a great preclinical potential to monitor DMD and other neuromuscular diseases based on changes in the breathing patterns with the future possibility to track therapy response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T10:21:16Z","timestamp":1646648476000},"page":"918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Non-Invasive Optical Motion Tracking Allows Monitoring of Respiratory Dynamics in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Svetlove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2957-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Albers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-ray Based Preclinical Imaging Technologies, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5042-8724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swen","family":"H\u00fclsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Breathing Control, Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta Andrea","family":"Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-5319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Zsch\u00fcntzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Disease Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"X-ray Based Preclinical Imaging Technologies, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Multiscale Bioimaging\u2014From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells, Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Dullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-ray Based Preclinical Imaging Technologies, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(91)90039-U","article-title":"Population Frequencies of Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases\u2014A World Survey","volume":"1","author":"Emery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. 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