{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:48:22Z","timestamp":1791892102418,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several bacterial species can generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Study evidence favors the view that the microbiome of the colon harbors increased amounts of H2S producing bacteria in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Additionally, H2S can easily penetrate cell membranes and enter the cell interior. In the cells, excessive amounts of H2S can potentially release cytochrome c protein from the mitochondria, increase the iron content of the cytosolic iron pool, and increase the amount of reactive oxygen species. These events can lead to the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers and fibrils in cells containing the alpha-synuclein protein. In addition, bacterially produced H2S can interfere with the body urate metabolism and affect the blood erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Gut bacteria responsible for increased H2S production, especially the mucus-associated species of the bacterial genera belonging to the Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families, are likely play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Special attention should be devoted to changes not only in the colonic but also in the duodenal microbiome composition with regard to the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Influenza infections may increase the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease by causing the overgrowth of H2S-producing bacteria both in the colon and duodenum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11060978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Hydrogen Sulfide Produced by Gut Bacteria May Induce Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kari Erik","family":"Murros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2011","article-title":"Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: A whiff exploration that blossomed","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. 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