{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:21:25Z","timestamp":1779294085185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM122732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM122732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR076807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR076807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging is a broad process that occurs as a time-dependent functional decline and tissue degeneration in living organisms. On a smaller scale, aging also exists within organs, tissues, and cells. As the smallest functional unit in living organisms, cells \u201cage\u201d by reaching senescence where proliferation stops. Such cellular senescence is achieved through replicative stress, telomere erosion and stem cell exhaustion. It has been shown that cellular senescence is key to tissue degradation and cell death in aging-related diseases (ARD). However, senescent cells constitute only a small percentage of total cells in the body, and they are resistant to death during aging. This suggests that ARD may involve interaction of senescent cells with non-senescent cells, resulting in senescence-triggered death of non-senescent somatic cells and tissue degeneration in aging organs. Here, based on recent research evidence from our laboratory and others, we propose a mechanism\u2014Senescence-Associated Cell Transition and Interaction (SACTAI)\u2014to explain how cell heterogeneity arises during aging and how the interaction between somatic cells and senescent cells, some of which are derived from aging somatic cells, results in cell death and tissue degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:05:18Z","timestamp":1648166718000},"page":"1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Senescence-Associated Cell Transition and Interaction (SACTAI): A Proposed Mechanism for Tissue Aging, Repair, and Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yajun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8640-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonah","family":"Schwam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The World report on ageing and health: A policy framework for healthy ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0183-6","article-title":"The genetics of human ageing","volume":"21","author":"Melzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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