{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:49:57Z","timestamp":1789768197128,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to investigate the disruption of cell cycle phases of bEnd.3 cells exposed to cancer paracrine secretion. Cancer cells have been reported to use the secretion of paracrine factors to compromise the endothelial barrier to prepare for their passage into the parenchyma. As cancer cells are known to act differently under conditions of hypoxia, we investigated how conditional media (CM) derived from breast and glioblastoma cells incubated under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia would affect proliferation of brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3). Methods: Brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) were cultivated with normoxic and hypoxic CM generated from breast cancer MCF7 cells and glioblastoma U-87 cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the trypan blue exclusion assay and phases of the cell cycle were evaluated using flow cytometry. Results: bEnd.3 proliferations was suppressed more aggressively with hypoxic CM after 72 and 96 h; cell cycle analysis showed that paracrine treatment tended to prevent BECs from entering the G2 phase, thus suppressing cell division. Conclusions: MCF7 and U-87 cells induce suppressed proliferation of BECs deferentially under hypoxia by blocking cell cycle progression to the G2 phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T02:59:52Z","timestamp":1648954792000},"page":"1197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Paracrine Effect of Hypoxic and Normoxic Cancer Secretion on the Proliferation of Brain Endothelial Cells (bEnd.3)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Rado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Bioscience Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7335, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Bioscience Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7335, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-015-0665-1","article-title":"Breast cancer brain metastases: Biology and new clinical perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Witzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2011.367","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme: Molecular characterization and current treatment strategy (Review)","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. 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