{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T13:33:14Z","timestamp":1780752794284,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia has recently been studied in both adults and children and was found to be a prognostic marker for adverse outcome in a variety of patient groups. Our research showed that sarcopenia is a relevant marker in predicting outcome in children with solid organ tumors, such as hepatoblastoma and neuroblastoma. This was especially true in very ill, high-risk groups. Children with cancer have a higher likelihood of ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass due to a mismatch in energy intake and expenditure. Additionally, the effects of cancer therapy, hormonal alterations, chronic inflammation, multi-organ dysfunction, and a hypermetabolic state all contribute to a loss of skeletal muscle mass. Sarcopenia seems to be able to pinpoint this waste to a high degree in a new and objective way, making it an additional tool in predicting and improving outcome in children. This article focuses on the current state of sarcopenia in children with solid organ tumors. It details the pathophysiological mechanisms behind sarcopenia, highlighting the technical features of the available methods for measuring muscle mass, strength, and function, including artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques. It also reviews the latest research on sarcopenia in children, focusing on children with solid organ tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T05:13:08Z","timestamp":1649481188000},"page":"1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Sarcopenia in Children with Solid Organ Tumors: An Instrumental Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Ritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eberhard","family":"Lurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of General, Abdominal, and Transplant Surgery, Essen University Hospital, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Cederholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.04.018","article-title":"Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways","volume":"37","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.11.002","article-title":"Protein breakdown in cancer cachexia","volume":"54","author":"Sandri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1500235","article-title":"Skeletal-muscle growth and protein turnover","volume":"150","author":"Millward","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200005000-00004","article-title":"Body composition during the first 2 years of life: An updated reference","volume":"47","author":"Butte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000088064.63106.5E","article-title":"Studies on human body composition during the first 4 months of life using magnetic resonance imaging and isotope dilution","volume":"54","author":"Olhager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-075","article-title":"A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care","volume":"33","author":"Mourtzakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12308","article-title":"Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: Gold standard for muscle mass?","volume":"9","author":"Scafoglieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2242","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment","volume":"15","author":"Prado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9583-2","article-title":"Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle; from birth to old age","volume":"36","author":"Verdijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.521S","article-title":"Growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents: Effects of diet and physical activity","volume":"72","author":"Rogol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"E79","article-title":"Protein turnover during puberty in normal children","volume":"270","author":"Arslanian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2445","article-title":"The efficiency of dietary protein utilization is increased during puberty","volume":"82","author":"Beckett","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"904","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of adipose tissue and muscle tissue mass in children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency, Turner\u2019s syndrome, and intrauterine growth retardation during the first year of treatment with GH","volume":"78","author":"Leger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060911","article-title":"Impact of androgens, growth hormone, and IGF-I on bone and muscle in male mice during puberty","volume":"22","author":"Venken","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E496","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.3.E496","article-title":"Effects of estradiol and progesterone on body composition, protein synthesis, and lipoprotein lipase in rats","volume":"280","author":"Toth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"130","article-title":"Body composition analysis in the pediatric population","volume":"10","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1053\/jpdn.2003.12","article-title":"Solid tumors in children","volume":"18","author":"Kline","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3253-8","article-title":"The lived experience of fatigue in children and adolescents with cancer: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/sonu.2000.16577","article-title":"Fatigue in children and adolescents with cancer: Evolution of a program of study","volume":"16","author":"Hinds","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"CD012681","article-title":"Severe fatigue after treatment for childhood cancer","volume":"3","author":"Boonstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0213","article-title":"Decline in physical activity level in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27949","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27949","article-title":"Longitudinal development of cancer-related fatigue and physical activity in childhood cancer patients","volume":"66","author":"Steur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199702000-00006","article-title":"Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest","volume":"29","author":"Bloomfield","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00044067-200205000-00011","article-title":"The effect of bed rest and potential of prehabilitation on patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"13","author":"Topp","year":"2002","journal-title":"AACN Clin. Issues"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.10.1076","article-title":"Functional impact of 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults","volume":"63","author":"Kortebein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.05.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy","volume":"278","author":"Sakai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2018.7590","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting: Association with NF-\u03baB and cancer cachexia","volume":"28","author":"Damrauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Myol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00677.2010","article-title":"Exercise protects against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and proteolysis in skeletal muscle","volume":"110","author":"Smuder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3965","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced weakness and fatigue in skeletal muscle: The role of oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Gilliam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27511-6_5","article-title":"The TGF-\u03b2 Signalling Network in Muscle Development, Adaptation and Disease","volume":"900","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200215606","article-title":"TNF-alpha mediates chemokine and cytokine expression and renal injury in cisplatin nephrotoxicity","volume":"110","author":"Ramesh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"490804","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines: Important immunoregulatory factors contributing to chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis","volume":"2012","author":"Sultani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemother. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2012.00341.x","article-title":"Nutritional status among pediatric cancer patients: A comparison between hematological malignancies and solid tumors","volume":"17","author":"Tah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3945\/an.110.000141","article-title":"Important aspects of nutrition in children with cancer","volume":"2","author":"Bauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.08.02","article-title":"Sarcopenia associated with chemotherapy and targeted agents for cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04106-y","article-title":"Muscle mass change during chemotherapy in children with high-risk neuroblastoma: A retrospective case series of 24 patients","volume":"180","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2190.1","article-title":"The radiosensitivity of satellite cells: Cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and oxidative stress","volume":"174","author":"Caiozzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880170607","article-title":"Satellite cell activity is required for hypertrophy of overloaded adult rat muscle","volume":"17","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2478\/v10019-007-0034-5","article-title":"Radiation effects on skeletal muscle","volume":"42","author":"Jurdana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.02.001","article-title":"Late effects of radiotherapy for pediatric extremity sarcomas","volume":"60","author":"Paulino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0057-4","article-title":"The role of steroids in the management of brain metastases: A systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Ryken","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-955931","article-title":"High dose pulsatile dexamethasone therapy in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Wilken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30130-X","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin with prednisone and risk-adapted chemotherapy for children with opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome associated with neuroblastoma (ANBL00P3): A randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"2","author":"Matthay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00012","article-title":"The regulation of muscle mass by endogenous glucocorticoids","volume":"6","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0606","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy","volume":"197","author":"Schakman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2140617","article-title":"Time course of the effect of catabolic doses of corticosterone on protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle and liver","volume":"214","author":"Odedra","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31822f5886","article-title":"Corticosteroids increase protein breakdown and loss in newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn disease","volume":"70","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91445","article-title":"Intermittent glucocorticoid steroid dosing enhances muscle repair without eliciting muscle atrophy","volume":"127","author":"Quattrocelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Mantovani, G., and Madeddu, C. (2006). Proinflammatory Cytokines: Their Role in Multifactorial Cancer Cachexia. Cachexia and Wasting: A Modern Approach, Springer."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.11.001","article-title":"Stress hormones concentrations in the normal microenvironment predict risk for chemically induced cancer in rats","volume":"89","author":"Valente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.12.01","article-title":"Cancer cachexia is defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"8","author":"Baracos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-007-0004-9","article-title":"Elevated serum ghrelin exerts an orexigenic effect that may maintain body mass index in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3633","article-title":"Adipokines and ghrelin in gastric cancer cachexia","volume":"14","author":"Kerem","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-008-0856-1","article-title":"Ghrelin and leptin levels in cachectic patients with cancer of the digestive organs","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2009.02.006","article-title":"Increased serum levels of ghrelin at diagnosis mediate body weight loss in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients","volume":"66","author":"Karapanagiotou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000049","article-title":"Acylated and unacylated ghrelin administration to blunt muscle wasting","volume":"17","author":"Reano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.12.021","article-title":"Des-acyl ghrelin exhibits pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic effects on C2C12 myotubes exposed to cytokines and reduces burn-induced muscle proteolysis in rats","volume":"351","author":"Sheriff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12263","article-title":"Acylated and unacylated ghrelin inhibit doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in skeletal muscle","volume":"211","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.10.018","article-title":"Alteration of NPY and Y1 receptor in dorsomedial and ventromedial areas of hypothalamus in anorectic tumor-bearing rats","volume":"28","author":"Chance","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00716-4","article-title":"Refractory hypothalamic adenylate cyclase in anorectic tumor-bearing rats: Implications for NPY-induced feeding","volume":"691","author":"Chance","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318179a1d8","article-title":"Serial plasma concentrations of PYY and ghrelin during chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Moschovi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.09.031","article-title":"Vitamin D, muscle recovery, sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle atrophy","volume":"60","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.12.010","article-title":"Could vitamin D sufficiency improve the survival of colorectal cancer patients?","volume":"148","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1616233","article-title":"Examining the Vitamin D Status of Children with Solid Tumors","volume":"39","author":"Jakab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29201","article-title":"Body composition of children with cancer","volume":"92","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: A new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langhands, W., and Hrupka, B.J. (2003). Cytokines and Appetite. Cytokines and Mental Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0323-1_9"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.001","article-title":"Regulation of bitter taste responses by tumor necrosis factor","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.2741\/2293","article-title":"Targets in clinical oncology: The metabolic environment of the patient","volume":"12","author":"Busquets","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328324b5e9","article-title":"Increased energy expenditure and glucose oxidation during acute nontraumatic skin pain in humans","volume":"26","author":"Greisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R250","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00361.2014","article-title":"Chronic and acute effects of stress on energy balance: Are there appropriate animal models?","volume":"308","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"5910","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in cachectic patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"44","author":"Holroyde","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"3710","article-title":"Altered glucose metabolism in metastatic carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Holroyde","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.03.004","article-title":"Molecular insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer-related muscle wasting","volume":"1841","author":"Antunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100436","article-title":"Disruption of MEF2C signaling and loss of sarcomeric and mitochondrial integrity in cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"4","author":"Shum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.014","article-title":"Bladder cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting: Disclosing the role of mitochondria plasticity","volume":"45","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.08.012","article-title":"Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria is decreased in a rat model of peritoneal carcinosis","volume":"54","author":"Dumas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606087","article-title":"An inflammation-based prognostic score (mGPS) predicts cancer survival independent of tumour site: A Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study","volume":"104","author":"Proctor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.004","article-title":"Excessive hepatic mitochondrial TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Sunny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2016.3","article-title":"Understanding cachexia as a cancer metabolism syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Porporato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"347","article-title":"Cardiac alterations in cancer-induced cachexia in mice","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq213","article-title":"Cardiovascular side effects of cancer therapies: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"13","author":"Eschenhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(87)90148-X","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes and enzyme activities for energy production in hearts concomitant with tumor-associated malnutrition","volume":"42","author":"Wretling","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.04.150","article-title":"Simvastatin reduces wasting and improves cardiac function as well as outcome in experimental cancer cachexia","volume":"168","author":"Palus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.011","article-title":"Reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting by ActRIIB antagonism leads to prolonged survival","volume":"142","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2009.07.004","article-title":"Pathology of late-onset anthracycline cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Bernaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.04.003","article-title":"Cachexia and sarcopenia: Mechanisms and potential targets for intervention","volume":"22","author":"Busquets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindels, L.B., Beck, R., Schakman, O., Martin, J.C., De Backer, F., Sohet, F.M., Dewulf, E.M., Pachikian, B.D., Neyrinck, A.M., and Thissen, J.-P. (2012). Restoring specific lactobacilli levels decreases inflammation and muscle atrophy markers in an acute leukemia mouse model. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037971"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.209","article-title":"Synbiotic approach restores intestinal homeostasis and prolongs survival in leukaemic mice with cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Bindels","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30569-5","article-title":"Klebsiella oxytoca expands in cancer cachexia and acts as a gut pathobiont contributing to intestinal dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Brossel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11803","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7730","article-title":"Beneficial bacteria inhibit cachexia","volume":"7","author":"Varian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0316-106R","article-title":"A tale of two sites: How inflammation can reshape the microbiomes of the gut and lungs","volume":"100","author":"Scales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12376","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma-associated Proteobacteria, but not commensal Prevotella spp., promote Toll-like receptor 2-independent lung inflammation and pathology","volume":"144","author":"Larsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvz039","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvz039","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, LPS Translocation, and Disease Development","volume":"4","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18224","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24804","article-title":"Increased gut permeability in cancer cachexia: Mechanisms and clinical relevance","volume":"9","author":"Bindels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1998.tb01710.x","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"61","author":"Wahlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.06.010","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: A Critical appraisal of the current evidence","volume":"31","author":"Prado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.011","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: A probable risk factor for dose limiting toxicity during neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer patients","volume":"35","author":"Anandavadivelan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-018-3835-5","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity Is Associated with Severe Postoperative Complications in Gastric Cancer Patients Undergoing Gastrectomy: A Prospective Study","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.09.014","article-title":"Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are significantly associated with poorer overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Mintziras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1136741","article-title":"Limitations of body mass index to assess body composition due to sarcopenic obesity during leukemia therapy","volume":"59","author":"Orgel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31191","article-title":"Body composition in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed in childhood and adolescence: A focus on sarcopenic obesity","volume":"124","author":"Marriott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-021-2213-7","article-title":"Obesity and Sarcopenia in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"58","author":"Malhotra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyab046","article-title":"Sarcopenia and obesity in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia\/lymphoma: A report from a single institution","volume":"51","author":"Nakayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.099697","article-title":"Body composition of children with cancer during treatment and in survivorship","volume":"102","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21406","article-title":"Frailty and cancer: Implications for oncology surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology","volume":"67","author":"Ethun","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.10.066","article-title":"Frailty in Children with Liver Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"194","author":"Lurz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02354-7","article-title":"Translation of the Frailty Paradigm from Older Adults to Children with Cardiac Disease","volume":"41","author":"Panchangam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.4.691","article-title":"Arm muscle indicators and creatinine excretion in children","volume":"36","author":"Trowbridge","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23690","article-title":"Quantitative muscle ultrasound and muscle force in healthy children: A 4-year follow-up study","volume":"47","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2013.00168.x","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass reference curves for children and adolescents","volume":"9","author":"McCarthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12734","article-title":"Sarcopenia and preserved bone mineral density in paediatric survivors of high-risk neuroblastoma with growth failure","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001792","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Children with End-Stage Liver Disease","volume":"66","author":"Lurz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28862","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28862","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a prognostic outcome marker in children with high-risk hepatoblastoma","volume":"4","author":"Ritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.718184","article-title":"Total Psoas Muscle Area as a Marker for Sarcopenia Is Related to Outcome in Children with Neuroblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Ritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-018-0079-z","article-title":"Air displacement plethysmography (pea pod) in full-term and pre-term infants: A comprehensive review of accuracy, reproducibility, and practical challenges","volume":"4","author":"Mazahery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.07.001","article-title":"Body composition by dilution of deuterium oxide in Mexican children with lymphoma and solid tumors","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00455.2016","article-title":"Creatine(methyl-d3) dilution in urine for estimation of total body skeletal muscle mass: Accuracy and variability vs. MRI and DXA","volume":"124","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.8.1988","article-title":"A new total body potassium method to estimate total body skeletal muscle mass in children","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.83.3.613","article-title":"Reduced body protein in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"83","author":"Arrowsmith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.334","article-title":"Clinical and biological markers of premature aging after autologous SCT in childhood cancer","volume":"52","author":"Vatanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.10.048","article-title":"The Influence of Sarcopenia on High-Risk Neuroblastoma","volume":"236","author":"Kawakubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3584","article-title":"Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue changes in the first phase of treatment of pediatric solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Joffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29337","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29337","article-title":"Body composition of patients with neuroblastoma using computed tomography","volume":"68","author":"IJpma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, A., Triarico, S., Rinninella, E., Natale, L., Brizi, M.G., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P., Maurizi, P., Attin\u00e0, G., and Mastrangelo, S. (2022). Clinical Impact of Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Pediatric Patients with Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Pilot Retrospective Study (SarcoPed). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020383"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019209","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2021\/39\/2019209","article-title":"Nutritional status in children with cancer: Comparison of deuterium oxide dilution with bioelectric impedance analysis and anthropometry","volume":"39","author":"Behling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3182a06134","article-title":"The prediction of lean body mass and fat mass from arm anthropometry at diagnosis in children with cancer","volume":"35","author":"Webber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"441","article-title":"Total body muscle mass estimation from bioelectrical impedance analysis & simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men","volume":"127","author":"Kuriyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000219395.83159.91","article-title":"Evaluation of Arm Anthropometry for Assessing Pediatric Body Composition: Evidence from Healthy and Sick Children","volume":"59","author":"Chomtho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1089\/jayao.2016.0091","article-title":"Anthropometry in Long-Term Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood and Adolescence","volume":"6","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Young Adult Oncol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2016.03.09","article-title":"Nutrition assessment and its effect on various clinical variables among patients undergoing liver transplant","volume":"5","author":"Bakshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26205","article-title":"Utility of Preoperative Computed Tomography-Based Body Metrics in Relation to Postoperative Complications in Pediatric Liver Transplantation Recipients","volume":"27","author":"Verhagen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113501327","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound is a practical and reliable measurement tool for assessing quadriceps muscle layer thickness","volume":"38","author":"Tillquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009","article-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasonography: Quantifying muscle and nerve measurements","volume":"23","author":"Mayans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2007.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative skeletal muscle ultrasound: Diagnostic value in childhood neuromuscular disease","volume":"17","author":"Pillen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-35","article-title":"A practical guide to bioelectrical impedance analysis using the example of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"10","author":"Kroker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12268","article-title":"Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: A need for a reference standard","volume":"9","author":"Buckinx","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.5.1192","article-title":"Muscle mass: Reliable indicator of protein-energy malnutrition severity and outcome","volume":"35","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-001-0570-4","article-title":"Norms and correlates of bioimpedance phase angle in healthy human subjects, hospitalized patients, and patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"86","author":"Selberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i7.401","article-title":"Phase angle obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis independently predicts mortality in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Belarmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5918-3-3","article-title":"Assessment of body composition by air-displacement plethysmography: Influence of body temperature and moisture","volume":"3","author":"Fields","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyn. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.02.020","article-title":"Body composition, dietary intake and physical activity of young survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"E489","article-title":"Comparison of techniques to estimate total body skeletal muscle mass in people of different age groups","volume":"277","author":"Proctor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.5","article-title":"Comparison of DXA and CT in the assessment of body composition in premenopausal women with obesity and anorexia nervosa","volume":"18","author":"Bredella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.5.1014","article-title":"Total-body skeletal muscle mass: Estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in children and adolescents","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0042-6","article-title":"Age- and gender-dependent values of skeletal muscle mass in healthy children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Webber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Hong, S., and Kim, E.Y. (2016). Reference Values of Skeletal Muscle Mass for Korean Children and Adolescents Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009\u20132011. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153383"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12361","article-title":"China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) Study Group. Skeletal muscle reference for Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12695","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12695","article-title":"Reference charts for body composition parameters by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in European children and adolescents aged 6 to 18\u2009years-Results from the Austrian LEAD (Lung, hEart, sociAl, boDy) cohort","volume":"16","author":"Ofenheimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0181-z","article-title":"Reference Values of Total Lean Mass, Appendicular Lean Mass, and Fat Mass Measured with Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in a Healthy Mexican Population","volume":"99","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115000129","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and quality: Evolution of modern measurement concepts in the context of sarcopenia","volume":"74","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chianca, V., Albano, D., Messina, C., Gitto, S., Ruffo, G., Guarino, S., Del Grande, F., and Sconfienza, L.M. (2021). Sarcopenia: Imaging assessment and clinical application. Abdom. Radiol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03294-3"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68797-3","article-title":"Body composition analysis using CT and MRI: Intra-individual intermodal comparison of muscle mass and myosteatosis","volume":"10","author":"Faron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e826","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/57987644","article-title":"Comparison of 3 T MRI and CT for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans","volume":"85","author":"Klopfenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eloi, J.C., Epifanio, M., de Gon\u00e7alves, M.M., Pellicioli, A., Vieira, P.F.G., Dias, H.B., Bruscato, N., Soder, R.B., Santana, J.C.B., and Mouzaki, M. (2017). Quantification of Abdominal Fat in Obese and Healthy Adolescents Using 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Free Software for Image Analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167625"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757274","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.757274","article-title":"MRI-Derived Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Reference Values for Children Aged 6 to Under 18 Years","volume":"8","author":"Marunowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.3","article-title":"Estimating dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived total body skeletal muscle mass using single-slice abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in obese subjects with and without diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00744.2004","article-title":"Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: Estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image","volume":"97","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111203","article-title":"What is the best reference site for a single MRI slice to assess whole-body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes in healthy adults?","volume":"102","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13732","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Computed Tomography-Assessed Skeletal Muscle Mass on Outcome in Patients Awaiting or Undergoing Liver Transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Levolger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000494887","article-title":"Computed Tomography-Assessed Sarcopenia Indexes Predict Major Complications following Surgery for Hepatopancreatobiliary Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0460","article-title":"Tri-Ponderal Mass Index vs Body Mass Index in Estimating Body Fat During Adolescence","volume":"171","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468600008621","article-title":"Weight\/heightp compared to weight\/height2 for assessing adiposity in childhood: Influence of age and bone age on p during puberty","volume":"13","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.02.010","article-title":"Psoas Muscle Size Predicts Risk-Adjusted Outcomes After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"106","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.09.005","article-title":"Psoas Muscle Area and Length of Stay in Older Adults Undergoing Cardiac Operations","volume":"103","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O20","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12805","article-title":"Simple psoas cross-sectional area measurement is a quick and easy method to assess sarcopenia and predicts major surgical complications","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.05.059","article-title":"Sarcopenia in children with perforated appendicitis","volume":"220","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.02.42","article-title":"Postoperative change of the psoas muscle area as a predictor of survival in surgically treated esophageal cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-012-1923-5","article-title":"Impact of Sarcopenia on Outcomes Following Resection of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.350","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with postoperative infection and delayed recovery from colorectal cancer resection surgery","volume":"107","author":"Lieffers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01561","article-title":"When the Loss Costs Too Much: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sarcopenia in Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28616","article-title":"Radiologically Defined Sarcopenia Affects Survival in Head and Neck Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"131","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03839-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia predicts worse postoperative outcomes and decreased survival rates in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.030","article-title":"Personalized medicine: Enhancing our understanding of pediatric growth with analytic morphomics","volume":"52","author":"Harbaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12514","article-title":"Paediatric reference values for total psoas muscle area","volume":"11","author":"Lurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"180","article-title":"Quantifying Sarcopenia Reference Values Using Lumbar and Thoracic Muscle Areas in a Healthy Population","volume":"21","author":"Derstine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002958","article-title":"Establishing Reference Values for Lean Muscle Mass in the Pediatric Patient","volume":"72","author":"Metzger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12180","article-title":"Psoas muscle area is not representative of total skeletal muscle area in the assessment of sarcopenia in ovarian cancer","volume":"8","author":"Rutten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12221","article-title":"Psoas as a sentinel muscle for sarcopenia: A flawed premise","volume":"8","author":"Baracos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12158","article-title":"A comparative study of software programmes for cross-sectional skeletal muscle and adipose tissue measurements on abdominal computed tomography scans of rectal cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Levolger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.06.003","article-title":"A comparison of two different software packages for analysis of body composition using computed tomography images","volume":"57","author":"Rollins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2018.11.005","article-title":"Nutritional status and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with solid tumors: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Joffe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00161-5","article-title":"Development of a fully automatic deep learning system for L3 selection and body composition assessment on computed tomography","volume":"11","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa141","article-title":"Automated Muscle Measurement on Chest CT Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults From the National Lung Screening Trial","volume":"76","author":"Lenchik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2019.06.017","article-title":"Machine Learning for Automatic Paraspinous Muscle Area and Attenuation Measures on Low-Dose Chest CT Scans","volume":"26","author":"Barnard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.J. (2021). Machine Learning Models for Sarcopenia Identification Based on Radiomic Features of Muscles in Computed Tomography. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168710"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03290.x","article-title":"Norms for grip strength in children aged 4\u201316 years","volume":"91","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.08.005","article-title":"Handgrip strength as a surrogate marker of lean mass and risk of malnutrition in paediatric patients","volume":"40","author":"Mckirdy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(13)70202-9","article-title":"Grip strength is strongly associated with height, weight and gender in childhood: A cross sectional study of 2241 children and adolescents providing reference values","volume":"59","author":"Ploegmakers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.12.052","article-title":"Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents","volume":"150","author":"Geiger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.135202","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise capacity and physical activity in children: Are we measuring the right thing?","volume":"93","author":"Ekelund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23326","article-title":"Childhood muscle morphology and strength: Alterations over six months of growth","volume":"46","author":"Pitcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozaki, H., Abe, T., Dankel, S.J., Loenneke, J.P., Natsume, T., Deng, P., and Naito, H. (2020). The Measurement of Strength in Children: Is the Peak Value Truly Maximal?. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8010009"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1010-4","article-title":"Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults?","volume":"169","author":"Wind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffl, M., Chrudimsky, J., and Tufano, J.J. (2017). Using relative handgrip strength to identify children at risk of sarcopenic obesity. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177006"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pep.0000186507.74151.78","article-title":"Ability of very young children to produce reliable isometric force measurements","volume":"17","author":"Gajdosik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001678","article-title":"Reference Curves for Field Tests of Musculoskeletal Fitness in U.S. Children and Adolescents: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey","volume":"31","author":"Laurson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Sep\u00falveda, J.A., Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez, R., Correa-Bautista, J.E., Izquierdo, M., and Garc\u00eda-Hermoso, A. (2016). Physical fitness and anthropometric normative values among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3652-2"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098253","article-title":"European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9\u201317 years: Results from 2,779,165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries","volume":"52","author":"Tomkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2016.1258305","article-title":"Reference value for the 6-minute walk test in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Mylius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"381","article-title":"Reference Values for the Six-Minute Walk Test in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Maynard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PEP.0000127564.08922.6A","article-title":"Timed up and down stairs test: Preliminary reliability and validity of a new measure of functional mobility","volume":"16","author":"Zaino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2008.01.003","article-title":"The evaluation of the hypotonic infant","volume":"15","author":"Bodensteiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.12.015","article-title":"Objective evaluation of muscle strength in infants with hypotonia and muscle weakness","volume":"34","author":"Reus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oba, H., Matsui, Y., Arai, H., Watanabe, T., Iida, H., Mizuno, T., Yamashita, S., Ishizuka, S., Suzuki, Y., and Hiraiwa, H. (2021). Evaluation of muscle quality and quantity for the assessment of sarcopenia using mid-thigh computed tomography: A cohort study. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02187-w"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-018-0882-2","article-title":"Body composition assessment and sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kamarajah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.-M., Dou, Q.-L., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y., Cheng, A.S.K., and Zhang, W.-W. (2020). Sarcopenia as a predictor of mortality in women with breast cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6645-6"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.04.115","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Sarcopenia in Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"doy047","article-title":"Assessment of body composition and sarcopenia in patients with esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Boshier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2019.05.018","article-title":"Body composition assessment and sarcopenia in patients with pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bundred","year":"2019","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002679","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Postoperative Complication Risk in Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology: A Meta-analysis","volume":"268","author":"Simonsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12468","article-title":"Sarcopenia and ovarian cancer survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ubachs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.12.030","article-title":"Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Shachar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-3128-1","article-title":"Can sarcopenia be a predictor of prognosis for patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001651","article-title":"Severe Sarcopenia and Increased Fat Stores in Pediatric Patients With Liver, Kidney, or Intestine Failure","volume":"65","author":"Mangus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-01912-9","article-title":"Quantification of fat and skeletal muscle tissue at abdominal computed tomography: Associations between single-slice measurements and total compartment volumes","volume":"44","author":"Faron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13950","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13950","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia in infants with liver transplantation for biliary atresia","volume":"25","author":"Takeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26027","article-title":"Higher Mortality in Pediatric Liver Transplant Candidates With Sarcopenia","volume":"27","author":"Boster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25985","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Children With End-Stage Liver Disease on the Transplant Waiting List","volume":"27","author":"Woolfson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1414","article-title":"Persistence of Sarcopenia After Pediatric Liver Transplantation Is Associated With Poorer Growth and Recurrent Hospital Admissions","volume":"43","author":"Mager","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0105-2","article-title":"Vitamin D status and risk for sarcopenia in youth with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15108","article-title":"Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in children with autoimmune liver diseases and is linked to visceral fat and parent-perceived general health","volume":"42","author":"Amevor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003091","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a Predictor for Adverse Clinical Outcome in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"72","author":"Atlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.09.006","article-title":"Reduced paraspinous muscle area is associated with post-colectomy complications in children with ulcerative colitis","volume":"53","author":"Dedhia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318279eea2","article-title":"Sarcopenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"35","author":"Rayar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2388-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia after induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Its clinical significance","volume":"107","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-018-1281-8","article-title":"Results of a phase II trial for high-risk neuroblastoma treatment protocol JN-H-07: A report from the Japan Childhood Cancer Group Neuroblastoma Committee (JNBSG)","volume":"23","author":"Hishiki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_234","unstructured":"Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) (2012). DCOG NBL 2009 Treatment Protocol for Risk Adapted Treatment of Children with Neuroblastoma Amendment 1, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG)."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000380","article-title":"Understanding sex differences in the regulation of cancer-induced muscle wasting","volume":"12","author":"Montalvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat Care"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0015-2","article-title":"Comparison of skeletal muscle mass to fat-free mass ratios among different ethnic groups","volume":"16","author":"Abe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000499607","article-title":"Limitations of Fat-Free Mass for the Assessment of Muscle Mass in Obesity","volume":"12","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.01.013","article-title":"Changes in nutritional status in childhood cancer patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Brinksma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1278\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:50:59Z","timestamp":1760136659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"references-count":238,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11081278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11081278","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]}}}