{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:11:49Z","timestamp":1789143109731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine is a major neurological disorder affecting one in nine adults worldwide with a significant impact on health care and socioeconomic systems. Migraine is more prevalent in women than in men, with 17% of all women meeting the diagnostic criteria for migraine. In women, the frequency of migraine attacks shows variations over the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, and the use of combined hormonal contraception (CHC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can unveil or modify migraine disease. In the general population, 18\u201325% of female migraineurs display a menstrual association of their headache. Here we present an overview on the evidence supporting the role of reproductive hormones, in particular estrogens, in the pathophysiology of migraine. We also analyze the efficacy and safety of prescribing exogenous estrogens as a potential treatment for menstrual-related migraine. Finally, we point to controversial issues and future research areas in the field of reproductive hormones and migraine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T07:42:41Z","timestamp":1650094961000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Role of Estrogens in Menstrual Migraine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rossella","family":"Nappi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Tiranini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Section, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Section, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9415-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Icco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Tassorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30293-9","article-title":"Sex differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of migraine","volume":"16","author":"Vetvik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102409355601","article-title":"Migraine prevalence by age and sex in the United States: A life-span study","volume":"30","author":"Victor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21","article-title":"Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy","volume":"68","author":"Lipton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.651931","article-title":"Neuroendocrine aspects of migraine in women","volume":"28","author":"Nappi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.11.027","article-title":"Migraine Throughout the Female Reproductive Life Cycle","volume":"93","author":"Faubion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(10)97025-5","article-title":"Migraine and reproductive life","volume":"97","author":"Nappi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000091","article-title":"Migraine and estrogen","volume":"27","author":"Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A24","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-16-S1-A24","article-title":"Migraine in pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Sacco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1258\/mi.2009.009022","article-title":"Hormonal management of migraine at menopause","volume":"15","author":"Nappi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000540","article-title":"Headaches Through a Woman\u2019s Life","volume":"73","author":"Bushman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30482-8","article-title":"Menstrual migraine: A distinct disorder needing greater recognition","volume":"20","author":"Vetvik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2018). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 38, 1\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01618-4","article-title":"The complex relationship between estrogen and migraines: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.4.355","article-title":"The role of estradiol withdrawal in the etiology of menstrual migraine","volume":"22","author":"Somerville","year":"1972","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1996.3606367.x","article-title":"The confirmation of a biochemical marker for women\u2019s hormonal migraine: The depo-estradiol challenge test","volume":"36","author":"Lichten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00370.x","article-title":"Ovarian hormones and migraine headache: Understanding mechanisms and pathogenesis\u2014Part 2","volume":"46","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002798","article-title":"Sex hormones in women with and without migraine: Evidence of migraine-specific hormone profiles","volume":"87","author":"Allshouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H524","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00217.2016","article-title":"Sex differences in vascular physiology and pathophysiology: Estrogen and androgen signaling in health and disease","volume":"313","author":"Boese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.07.098","article-title":"Functional significance of the rapid regulation of brain estrogen action: Where do the estrogens come from?","volume":"1126","author":"Cornil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00087","article-title":"Estrogen Receptors: New Directions in the New Millennium","volume":"39","author":"Hewitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2005.02.015","article-title":"Requirements for estrogen receptor alpha membrane localization and function","volume":"70","author":"Evinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Z.R., Zhang, R., Lian, Z.X., Deng, S.L., and Yu, K. (2019). Estrogen-Receptor Expression and Function in Female Reproductive Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101123"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050913-021703","article-title":"Extranuclear steroid receptors are essential for steroid hormone actions","volume":"66","author":"Levin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01908.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of pain modulation by sex hormones in migraine","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00309.x","article-title":"Ovarian hormones and migraine headache: Understanding mechanisms and pathogenesis\u2014Part I","volume":"46","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.006833","article-title":"Nuclear receptors and their selective pharmacologic modulators","volume":"65","author":"Burris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.12.010","article-title":"GPR30: A G protein-coupled receptor for estrogen","volume":"265\u2013266","author":"Prossnitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01789.x","article-title":"Role of the oestrogen receptors GPR30 and ERalpha in peripheral sensitization: Relevance to trigeminal pain disorders in women","volume":"29","author":"Liverman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.05.023","article-title":"The nuclear localization signal is required for nuclear GPER translocation and function in breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)","volume":"376","author":"Pupo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.16.1.0758","article-title":"Estrogen action via the G protein-coupled receptor, GPR30: Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-mediated attenuation of the epidermal growth factor receptor-to-MAPK signaling axis","volume":"16","author":"Filardo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0254","article-title":"What\u2019s new in estrogen receptor action in the female reproductive tract","volume":"56","author":"Hewitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2211","article-title":"Oestrogen-receptor-mediated transcription and the influence of co-factors and chromatin state","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43756","article-title":"Rapid progress for non-nuclear estrogen receptor signaling","volume":"120","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.004465","article-title":"Estrogen receptor activation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase, akt, and nitric oxide signaling in cerebral blood vessels: Rapid and long-term effects","volume":"67","author":"Stirone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4695(19980905)36:3<357::AID-NEU5>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Expression and neuropeptidergic characterization of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) throughout the rat brain: Anatomical evidence of distinct roles of each subtype","volume":"36","author":"Laflamme","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00544-2","article-title":"Hormonal influences in migraine\u2014interactions of estrogen, oxytocin and CGRP","volume":"17","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.03.008","article-title":"Sex and the migraine brain","volume":"68","author":"Borsook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01197-0","article-title":"Estrogen receptors \u03b1, \u03b2 and GPER in the CNS and trigeminal system\u2014Molecular and functional aspects","volume":"21","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20569","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of male and female mice: Relationships to monoaminergic, cholinergic, and spinal projection systems","volume":"488","author":"Vanderhorst","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02460-5","article-title":"Distribution and differences of estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity in the brain of adult male and female rats","volume":"935","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.03.010","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal sensory system of male and cycling female rats","volume":"50","author":"Bereiter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414566820","article-title":"Systematic re-evaluation of genes from candidate gene association studies in migraine using a large genome-wide association data set","volume":"36","author":"Anttila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.01.008","article-title":"Investigation of polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen metabolism in menstrual migraine","volume":"607","author":"Sutherland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-62","article-title":"Genetic association and gene expression studies suggest that genetic variants in the SYNE1 and TNF genes are related to menstrual migraine","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0857-z","article-title":"The NRP1 migraine risk variant shows evidence of association with menstrual migraine","volume":"19","author":"Pollock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labruijere, S., Stolk, L., Verbiest, M., de Vries, R., Garrelds, I.M., Eilers, P.H., Danser, A.H., Uitterlinden, A.G., and MaassenVanDenBrink, A. (2014). Methylation of migraine-related genes in different tissues of the rat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087616"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00295-2","article-title":"Ovarian steroid effects on serotonin 1A, 2A and 2C receptor mRNA in macaque hypothalamus","volume":"63","author":"Gundlah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-21-07021.1996","article-title":"Ovarian steroid regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression in rhesus macaques","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.2001.0225","article-title":"Diverse actions of ovarian steroids in the serotonin neural system","volume":"23","author":"Bethea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(97)00286-6","article-title":"Regulation of serotonin re-uptake transporter mRNA expression by ovarian steroids in rhesus macaques","volume":"53","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei260","article-title":"Estradiol supplementation modulates neuroendocrine response to M-chlorophenylpiperazine in menstrual status migrainosus triggered by oral contraception-free interval","volume":"20","author":"Nappi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11412","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.19.11412","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates estradiol-induced dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons","volume":"95","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1999.0190","article-title":"Estrogen is more than just a \u201csex hormone\u201d: Novel sites for estrogen action in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex","volume":"21","author":"Shughrue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-018-0618-1","article-title":"Allopregnanolone and Progesterone in Experimental Neuropathic Pain: Former and New Insights with a Translational Perspective","volume":"39","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90178-9","article-title":"Neuroendocrine evaluation of central opiate activity in primary headache disorders","volume":"34","author":"Facchinetti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00109-8","article-title":"Estrogen-induced alterations of spinal cord enkephalin gene expression","volume":"83","author":"Amandusson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1996.0029","article-title":"The effects of estradiol and progesterone on pain sensitivity and brain opioid receptors in ovariectomized rats","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"633","article-title":"Transient failure of central opioid tonus and premenstrual symptoms","volume":"33","author":"Facchinetti","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5223-05.2006","article-title":"Pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of estradiol through endogenous opioid neurotransmission in women","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"621","article-title":"Changes in nociceptive flexion reflex threshold across the menstrual cycle in healthy women","volume":"64","author":"Tassorelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2005.04.002","article-title":"Ovarian steroids regulate neuropeptides in the trigeminal ganglion","volume":"39","author":"Puri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2017_14","article-title":"Oxytocin Signaling in Pain: Cellular, Circuit, System, and Behavioral Levels","volume":"35","author":"Poisbeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13082","article-title":"Oxytocin and Migraine Headache","volume":"57","author":"Tzabazis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1079-8","article-title":"The distribution of oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor in rat brain: Relation to regions active in migraine","volume":"21","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420929027","article-title":"Oxytocin as a regulatory neuropeptide in the trigeminovascular system: Localization, expression and function of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors","volume":"40","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.11.002","article-title":"Menstrual cycle-related fluctuations in oxytocin concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Engel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20127","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-beta in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons of the rat and human hypothalamus: Immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies","volume":"473","author":"Hrabovszky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418786261","article-title":"Current understanding of trigeminal ganglion structure and function in headache","volume":"39","author":"Messlinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01134-1","article-title":"The fifth cranial nerve in headaches","volume":"21","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411398152","article-title":"Tracing neural connections to pain pathways with relevance to primary headaches","volume":"31","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01829.x","article-title":"Brainstem and thalamic projections from a craniovascular sensory nervous centre in the rostral cervical spinal dorsal horn of rats","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10479","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1088-18.2018","article-title":"Changes in Brainstem Pain Modulation Circuitry Function over the Migraine Cycle","volume":"38","author":"Marciszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0661-6","article-title":"Modulation of nociceptive threshold by combined hormonal contraceptives in women with oestrogen-withdrawal migraine attacks: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Cucinella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02249.x","article-title":"Effect of sex and estrogens on neuronal activation in an animal model of migraine","volume":"53","author":"Greco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp021944","article-title":"Non-genomic mechanism of 17 beta-oestradiol-induced inhibition of contraction in mammalian vascular smooth muscle","volume":"499","author":"Kitazawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000016325.54374.93","article-title":"Estrogen increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase via estrogen receptors in rat cerebral blood vessels: Effect preserved after concurrent treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate or progesterone","volume":"33","author":"McNeill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114109","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23141","article-title":"17-\u03b2-Estradiol induces spreading depression and pain behavior in alert female rats","volume":"8","author":"Sandweiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1065","article-title":"Mechanisms of spreading depression and hypoxic spreading depression-like depolarization","volume":"81","author":"Somjen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22329","article-title":"Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamanaka, G., Suzuki, S., Morishita, N., Takeshita, M., Kanou, K., Takamatsu, T., Suzuki, S., Morichi, S., Watanabe, Y., and Ishida, Y. (2021). Role of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Permutability on Migraine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168929"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417690891","article-title":"Estrogen-dependent effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on cortical spreading depression in rat: Modelling the serotonin-ovarian hormone interaction in migraine aura","volume":"38","author":"Chauvel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1661","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012723","article-title":"Comparing Perimenstrual and Nonperimenstrual Migraine Attacks Using an e-Diary","volume":"97","author":"Verhagen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000831","article-title":"The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral and central pain mechanisms including migraine","volume":"158","author":"Iyengar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0676-y","article-title":"Neurogenic inflammation and its role in migraine","volume":"40","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146366","article-title":"Cervical sympathectomy modulates the neurogenic inflammatory neuropeptides following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"1722","author":"Dagistan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05923-7","article-title":"Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the neurogenic inflammatory neuropeptides: Implications for gender differences in migraine","volume":"238","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13802","article-title":"Serotonin and Neuropeptides in Blood From Episodic and Chronic Migraine and Cluster Headache Patients in Case-Control and Case-Crossover Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519009091595","article-title":"Hormonal influence on calcitonin gene-related peptide in man: Effects of sex difference and contraceptive pills","volume":"50","author":"Valdemarsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6558.1329","article-title":"Increased concentration of circulating calcitonin gene related peptide during normal human pregnancy","volume":"293","author":"Stevenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130802378493","article-title":"Effects of menopausal status on circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide and adipokines: Implications for insulin resistance and cardiovascular risks","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0003-1","article-title":"CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies\u2014Successful translation from bench to clinic","volume":"14","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.05.016","article-title":"Differential distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human trigeminal ganglion","volume":"169","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417739584","article-title":"Gender aspects of CGRP in migraine","volume":"39","author":"MaassenVanDenBrink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00047-4","article-title":"Postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms have increased urinary excretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide","volume":"30","author":"Wyon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.08.002","article-title":"Deficiency of female sex hormones augments PGE2 and CGRP levels within midbrain periaqueductal gray","volume":"346","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.190403","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on the serotonergic system and calcitonin gene-related peptide in trigeminal ganglia of rats","volume":"19","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Estrogen effects on pain sensitivity and neuropeptide expression in rat sensory neurons","volume":"224","author":"Sarajari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2607","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01107.2006","article-title":"Estrogen modulates TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory responses in rat aortic smooth muscle cells through estrogen receptor-beta activation","volume":"292","author":"Xing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09726-2","article-title":"Menstrual migraine: What it is and does it matter?","volume":"268","author":"Cupini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1753","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012741","article-title":"Differences Between Perimenstrual Migraine Attacks and Migraine Attacks at Other Times of the Cycle","volume":"97","author":"MacGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00741.x","article-title":"Characteristics of menstrual and nonmenstrual attacks in women with menstrually related migraine referred to headache centres","volume":"24","author":"Granella","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-66","article-title":"Hormonal contraception in women with migraine: Is progestogen-only contraception a better choice?","volume":"14","author":"Nappi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.04.016","article-title":"Safety of hormonal contraceptives among women with migraine: A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Tepper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0815-1","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptives and risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine: A consensus statement from the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESC)","volume":"18","author":"Sacco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2906-9","article-title":"Treating migraine with contraceptives","volume":"38","author":"Allais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2053369117731172","article-title":"Migraine, menopause and hormone replacement therapy","volume":"24","author":"MacGregor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Post. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0896-5","article-title":"Effect of exogenous estrogens and progestogens on the course of migraine during reproductive age: A consensus statement by the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESCRH)","volume":"19","author":"Sacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000233888.18228.19","article-title":"Incidence of migraine relative to menstrual cycle phases of rising and falling estrogen","volume":"67","author":"MacGregor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.002","article-title":"Contraception today","volume":"1092","author":"Benagiano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.06.056","article-title":"The state of hormonal contraception today: Established and emerging noncontraceptive health benefits","volume":"205","author":"Maguire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.04.004","article-title":"The use of newer progestins for contraception","volume":"82","author":"Nath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769187","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.769187","article-title":"Combined Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Review and Perspective to Mitigate the Risk","volume":"12","author":"Morimont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000751","article-title":"Oestrogen component of COCs: Have we finally found a replacement for ethinyl estradiol?","volume":"33","author":"Voedisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9182-4","article-title":"Metabolic effects of contraceptive steroids","volume":"12","author":"Nath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.8.1033","article-title":"Extended- and continuous-cycle oral contraceptives","volume":"28","author":"Shrader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1089","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives in women with menstrual migraine without aura","volume":"96","author":"Scolaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.02.001","article-title":"Effect of a contraceptive pill containing estradiol valerate and dienogest (E2V\/DNG) in women with menstrually-related migraine (MRM)","volume":"88","author":"Nappi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000129924.15619.D9","article-title":"A novel specific prophylaxis for menstrual-associated migraine","volume":"97","author":"Calhoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1783\/147118902101195974","article-title":"Prevention of migraine in the pill-free interval of combined oral contraceptives: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using natural oestrogen supplements","volume":"28","author":"Macgregor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4485","article-title":"Extended cycle combined oral contraceptives and prophylactic frovatriptan during the hormone-free interval in women with menstrual-related migraines","volume":"23","author":"Coffee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health (Larchmt.)"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00650.x","article-title":"Headaches and oral contraceptives: Impact of eliminating the standard 7-day placebo interval","volume":"47","author":"Sulak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2012.713535","article-title":"The contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing(\u00ae), a decade after its introduction","volume":"17","author":"Roumen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.03.005","article-title":"Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: The vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive","volume":"72","author":"Alnabawy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02211.x","article-title":"The impact of extended-cycle vaginal ring contraception on migraine aura: A retrospective case series","volume":"52","author":"Calhoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.747","article-title":"Duration, frequency, recency, and type of migraine and the risk of ischaemic stroke in women of childbearing age","volume":"73","author":"Donaghy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130903007389","article-title":"Type and route of estrogen administration","volume":"12","author":"Stevenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1700949","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of bioidentical estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy: A clinical review","volume":"17","author":"Files","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-012-0293-8","article-title":"Transdermal hormonal therapy in perimenstrual migraine: Why, when and how?","volume":"16","author":"Tassorelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3402103.x","article-title":"Perimenstrual migraine: Effect of Estraderm TTS and the value of contingent negative variation and exteroceptive temporalis muscle suppression test","volume":"34","author":"Smite","year":"1994","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.089","article-title":"Prevention of menstrual migraine with perimenstrual transdermal 17-\u03b2-estradiol: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study","volume":"96","author":"Hammar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-007-0417-4","article-title":"Frovatriptan vs. transdermal oestrogens or naproxen sodium for the prophylaxis of menstrual migraine","volume":"8","author":"Guidotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81928-0","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe menstrual migraine headaches with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and \u201cadd-back\u201d therapy","volume":"67","author":"Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03065.x","article-title":"Medical oophorectomy with and without estrogen add-back therapy in the prevention of migraine headache","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6561.1540","article-title":"Prevention of menstrual migraine by percutaneous oestradiol","volume":"293","author":"Vincens","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/09513598809023619","article-title":"Menstrual migraine: A double-blind trial of percutaneous estradiol","volume":"2","author":"Dennerstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249114.52802.55","article-title":"Prevention of menstrual attacks of migraine: A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"67","author":"MacGregor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.11.1044","article-title":"Treatment of menstrual migraine by oestradiol implants","volume":"46","author":"Magos","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200405000-00010","article-title":"Phyto-oestrogens in the prophylaxis of menstrual migraine","volume":"27","author":"Ferrante","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00181-6","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of phytoestrogen in the prophylactic treatment of menstrual migraine","volume":"56","author":"Burke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2019.1605504","article-title":"Effect of desogestrel 75 \u00b5g on headache frequency and intensity in women with migraine: A prospective controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Imthurn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.10.029","article-title":"Progestin-only contraception compared with extended combined oral contraceptive in women with migraine without aura: A retrospective pilot study","volume":"183","author":"Morotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2013.814769","article-title":"Desogestrel-only contraception may reduce headache frequency and improve quality of life in women suffering from migraine","volume":"18","author":"Imthurn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412473373","article-title":"Headache frequency and intensity in female migraineurs using desogestrel-only contraception: A retrospective pilot diary study","volume":"33","author":"Imthurn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.07.024","article-title":"Effects of an estrogen-free, desogestrel-containing oral contraceptive in women with migraine with aura: A prospective diary-based pilot study","volume":"83","author":"Nappi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-30","article-title":"Contraceptive-induced amenorrhoea leads to reduced migraine frequency in women with menstrual migraine without aura","volume":"15","author":"Vetvik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70220-9","article-title":"Oestrogen and stroke in women: Assessment of risk","volume":"4","author":"Bushnell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.01.006","article-title":"Testosterone pellet implants and migraine headaches: A pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Glaser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21779","article-title":"Androgenic suppression of spreading depression in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutant mice","volume":"66","author":"Baum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590600762265","article-title":"Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women","volume":"22","author":"Nappi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(93)90121-W","article-title":"Characteristics of headache at menopause: A clinico-epidemiologic study","volume":"17","author":"Neri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.07.005","article-title":"Menstrual and perimenopausal migraine: A narrative review","volume":"142","author":"MacGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.11.001","article-title":"Perimenopausal migraine in women with vasomotor symptoms","volume":"71","author":"MacGregor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(00)00215-2","article-title":"Course of primary headaches during hormone replacement therapy","volume":"38","author":"Nappi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2002.02215.x","article-title":"Hormone supplementation differently affects migraine in postmenopausal women","volume":"42","author":"Facchinetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000227399.53192.f5","article-title":"Different effects of tibolone and low-dose EPT in the management of postmenopausal women with primary headaches","volume":"13","author":"Nappi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70266-6","article-title":"Migraine and stroke: A complex association with clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"Kurth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-012-0424-y","article-title":"Migraine in women: The role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Sacco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412451361","article-title":"Migraine and vascular diseases: A review of the evidence and potential implications for management","volume":"32","author":"Sacco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-014-0524-1","article-title":"Migraine and the risk for stroke and cardiovascular disease","volume":"16","author":"Sacco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130609","article-title":"Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during the course of classic migraine attacks","volume":"13","author":"Lauritzen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005663","article-title":"Predictors of long-term recurrent vascular events after ischemic stroke at young age: The Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults","volume":"129","author":"Pezzini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1730816","article-title":"Migraine, low-dose combined hormonal contraceptives, and ischemic stroke in young women: A systematic review and suggestions for future research","volume":"20","author":"Ornello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i2610","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2610","article-title":"Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: Prospective cohort study","volume":"353","author":"Kurth","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09070.x","article-title":"Oral contraceptives, pregnancy and the risk of cerebral thromboembolism: The influence of diabetes, hypertension, migraine and previous thrombotic disease","volume":"102","author":"Lidegaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.488395","article-title":"Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: The stroke prevention in young women study","volume":"38","author":"MacClellan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3333-2","article-title":"Estrogen, migraine, and vascular risk","volume":"39","author":"Allais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211019586","article-title":"Ischemic stroke on hormonal contraceptives: Characteristics, mechanisms and outcome","volume":"6","author":"Correia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Stroke J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"No authors listed (1975). Oral contraceptives and stroke in young women. Associated risk factors. JAMA, 231, 718\u2013722.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.231.7.718"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6983.830","article-title":"Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women","volume":"310","author":"Tzourio","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.11.2277","article-title":"Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: A pooled analysis of two US studies","volume":"29","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.019","article-title":"Use of combined hormonal contraceptives among women with migraines and risk of ischemic stroke","volume":"216","author":"Champaloux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7175.13","article-title":"Migraine and stroke in young women: Case-control study. The World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception","volume":"318","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000129789.58837.e4","article-title":"Ischemic stroke in young women: A nested case-control study using the UK General Practice Research Database","volume":"35","author":"Nightingale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1805","article-title":"Ischemic stroke and active migraine","volume":"57","author":"Milhaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.592246","article-title":"Predictors of migraine subtypes in young adults with ischemic stroke: The Italian project on stroke in young adults","volume":"42","author":"Pezzini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133134.68143.2E","article-title":"Prevalence of migraine on each day of the natural menstrual cycle","volume":"63","author":"MacGregor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","article-title":"Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign against Headache. Migraine remains second among the world\u2019s causes of disability, and first among young women: Findings from GBD2019","volume":"21","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413507637","article-title":"Prevalence of menstrual migraine: A population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Vetvik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1996.1601011.x","article-title":"\u201cMenstrual\u201d migraine: Towards a definition","volume":"16","author":"MacGregor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01167-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of erenumab in women with a history of menstrual migraine","volume":"21","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03005.x","article-title":"Hormonal factors in migraine: A population-based study of women aged 40 to 74 years","volume":"43","author":"Mattsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.10.1517","article-title":"Menstrual cycle and headache in a population sample of migraineurs","volume":"55","author":"Stewart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1076","article-title":"Relationship of headache to phase of the menstrual cycle among young women: A daily diary study","volume":"45","author":"Johannes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01155.x","article-title":"Diaries and calendars for migraine. A review","volume":"26","author":"Nappi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416660549","article-title":"The added value of an electronic monitoring and alerting system in the management of medication-overuse headache: A controlled multicentre study","volume":"37","author":"Tassorelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411424212","article-title":"A basic diagnostic headache diary (BDHD) is well accepted and useful in the diagnosis of headache. a multicentre European and Latin American study","volume":"31","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102409359315","article-title":"Menstrual and nonmenstrual migraines differ in women with menstrually-related migraine","volume":"30","author":"Pinkerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01627.x","article-title":"A prospective comparison between ICHD-II and probability menstrual migraine diagnostic criteria","volume":"50","author":"Marcus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S309542","article-title":"Telemedicine Applications for the Evaluation of Patients with Non-Acute Headache: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Noutsios","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60505-5","article-title":"A Markov chain method for counting and modelling migraine attacks","volume":"10","author":"Barra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)91493-1","article-title":"Progesterone in the treatment of migraine","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"1947","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3206292.x","article-title":"The relationship of ovarian steroids, headache activity and menstrual distress: A pilot study with female migraineurs","volume":"32","author":"Beckham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12942","article-title":"Presenting a New, Non-Hormonally Mediated Cyclic Headache in Women: End-Menstrual Migraine","volume":"57","author":"Calhoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"596","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia Is Associated with Menstrual Migraine: A Case-Control Study","volume":"17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2013.824963","article-title":"Toward a new concept of \u201cnatural balance\u201d in oral estroprogestin contraception","volume":"29","author":"Gerris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2015.1050091","article-title":"Haemostatic and metabolic impact of estradiol pills and drospirenone-containing ethinylestradiol pills vs. levonorgestrel-containing ethinylestradiol pills: A literature review","volume":"20","author":"Lete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.06.010","article-title":"Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives","volume":"94","author":"Dinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2021.1987410","article-title":"Prospective controlled cohort study on the safety of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate (2.5 mg) and 17\u03b2-oestradiol (1.5 mg) (PRO-E2 study): Risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism","volume":"26","author":"Reed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2020.08.015","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of a new oral contraceptive containing estetrol and drospirenone on hemostasis parameters","volume":"102","author":"Douxfils","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contraception"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:05Z","timestamp":1760136905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11081355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11081355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]}}}