{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:02:41Z","timestamp":1760151761527,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can switch from their contractile state to a synthetic phenotype resulting in high migratory and proliferative capacity and driving atherosclerotic lesion formation. The cysteine-rich LIM-only protein 4 (CRP4) reportedly modulates VSM-like transcriptional signatures, which are perturbed in VSMCs undergoing phenotypic switching. Thus, we hypothesized that CRP4 contributes to adverse VSMC behaviours and thereby to atherogenesis in vivo. The atherogenic properties of CRP4 were investigated in plaque-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and CRP4 double-knockout (dKO) as well as ApoE-deficient CRP4 wildtype mice. dKO mice exhibited lower plaque numbers and lesion areas as well as a reduced content of \u03b1-smooth muscle actin positive cells in the lesion area, while lesion-associated cell proliferation was elevated in vessels lacking CRP4. Reduced plaque volumes in dKO correlated with significantly less intra-plaque oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), presumably due to upregulation of the antioxidant factor peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4). This study identifies CRP4 as a novel pro-atherogenic factor that facilitates plaque oxLDL deposition and identifies the invasion of atherosclerotic lesions by VSMCs as important determinants of plaque vulnerability. Thus, targeting of VSMC CRP4 should be considered in plaque-stabilizing pharmacological strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T04:21:28Z","timestamp":1650255688000},"page":"1364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cysteine-Rich LIM-Only Protein 4 (CRP4) Promotes Atherogenesis in the ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"L\u00e4ngst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Boldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology of Retinal Degenerations, Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lukowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201412052","article-title":"Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis","volume":"209","author":"Tabas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306361","article-title":"Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0227-9","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Basatemur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012110-142315","article-title":"Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Phenotypic Switching in Vascular Development and Disease","volume":"74","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2003","article-title":"Molecular Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Development and Disease","volume":"84","author":"Owens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2018.01.018","article-title":"Arterial smooth muscle dynamics in development and repair","volume":"435","author":"Roostalu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.03.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis Plaque Progression","volume":"22","author":"Sakakura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy022","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity in atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Allahverdian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666131227162950","article-title":"Obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors for atherosclerosis leading to ischemic events","volume":"21","author":"Pretorius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00003-0","article-title":"New atherosclerosis risk factors in obese, hypertensive and diabetic children and adolescents","volume":"167","author":"Glowinska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14779","article-title":"The role of smooth muscle cells in plaque stability: Therapeutic targeting potential","volume":"176","author":"Harman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.07.016","article-title":"From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Sitia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.304634","article-title":"Transdifferentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophage-Like Cells During Atherogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Feil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.09.007","article-title":"Metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis","volume":"816","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0678-6","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kattoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.005","article-title":"Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis","volume":"145","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1459","article-title":"Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells induces features of plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2332","article-title":"Detection of histone modifications at specific gene loci in single cells in histological sections","volume":"10","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312434","article-title":"Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.06.004","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of smooth muscle cell plasticity","volume":"1849","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33367","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707186200","article-title":"A Cysteine-rich LIM-only Protein Mediates Regulation of Smooth Muscle-specific Gene Expression by cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase","volume":"282","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(94)90034-5","article-title":"The LIM domain: A new structural motif found in zinc-finger-like proteins","volume":"10","author":"Rabbits","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.8.5504","article-title":"Cysteine-rich Protein 2, a Novel Substrate for cGMP Kinase I in Enteric Neurons and Intestinal Smooth Muscle","volume":"275","author":"Huber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28946","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.48.28946","article-title":"The Cysteine-rich Protein Family of Highly Related LIM Domain Proteins","volume":"270","author":"Weiskirchen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10226","article-title":"The CRP\/MLP\/TLP family of LIM domain proteins: Acting by connecting","volume":"25","author":"Weiskirchen","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80373-3","article-title":"Cloning of CRP2, a novel member of the cysteine-rich protein family with two repeats of an unusual LIM\/double zinc-finger motif","volume":"333","author":"Okano","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601186","article-title":"Amplified pathogenic actions of angiotensin II in cysteine-rich LIM-only protein 4\u2013negative mouse hearts","volume":"31","author":"Straubinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(02)00139-9","article-title":"The heart LIM protein gene (Hlp), expressed in the developing and adult heart, defines a new tissue-specific LIM-only protein family","volume":"116","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langst, N., Adler, J., Schweigert, O., Kleusberg, F., Cruz Santos, M., Knauer, A., Sausbier, M., Zeller, T., Ruth, P., and Lukowski, R. (2021). Cyclic GMP-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone and Blood Pressure Involves Cysteine-Rich LIM-Only Protein 4 (CRP4). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","key":"ref_29","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189925"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.13.3871","article-title":"Characterization of a human cDNA encoding a widely expressed and highly conserved cysteine-rich protein with an unusual zinc-finger motif","volume":"18","author":"Liebhaber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2317","article-title":"Suppression in transformed avian fibroblasts of a gene (crp) encoding a cysteine-rich protein containing LIM domains","volume":"8","author":"Weiskirchen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90192-9","article-title":"Muscle LIM protein, a novel essential regulator of myogenesis, promotes myogenic differentiation","volume":"79","author":"Arber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.200741","article-title":"Loss of the Serum Response Factor Cofactor, Cysteine-Rich Protein 1, Attenuates Neointima Formation in the Mouse","volume":"30","author":"Lilly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000194331.76925.5c","article-title":"Increased Neointima Formation in Cysteine-Rich Protein 2\u2013Deficient Mice in Response to Vascular Injury","volume":"97","author":"Wei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00396-9","article-title":"Cysteine-Rich LIM-Only Proteins CRP1 and CRP2 Are Potent Smooth Muscle Differentiation Cofactors","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.25.040185.001131","article-title":"The pharmacological and physiological role of cyclic GMP in vascular smooth muscle relaxation","volume":"25","author":"Ignarro","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.9.825","article-title":"Mechanisms of NO\/cGMP-Dependent Vasorelaxation","volume":"87","author":"Sausbier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13519","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1936024100","article-title":"A proatherogenic role for cGMP-dependent protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"100","author":"Wolfsgruber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.166405","article-title":"Role of Smooth Muscle cGMP\/cGKI Signaling in Murine Vascular Restenosis","volume":"28","author":"Lukowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.04.010","article-title":"Proatherosclerotic Effect of the \u03b11-Subunit of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase by Promoting Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Switching","volume":"186","author":"Mergia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehners, M., Dobrowinski, H., Feil, S., and Feil, R. (2018). cGMP Signaling and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 5.","key":"ref_41","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd5020020"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5037-07.2008","article-title":"Cysteine-Rich Protein 2, a Novel Downstream Effector of cGMP\/cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I-Mediated Persistent Inflammatory Pain","volume":"28","author":"Schmidtko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1833","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1833","article-title":"Aorta Atherosclerosis Lesion Analysis in Hyperlipidemic Mice","volume":"6","author":"Mohanta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-04-0370","article-title":"Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase I promotes adhesion of primary vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"19","author":"Weinmeister","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.382","article-title":"Pathologic calcification of adult vascular smooth muscle cells differs on their crest or mesodermal embryonic origin","volume":"26","author":"Queguiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11491","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11491","article-title":"An organelle-specific protein landscape identifies novel diseases and molecular mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Boldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3901","article-title":"The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data","volume":"13","author":"Tyanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.3.487","article-title":"Regulation of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"75","author":"Owens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309799","article-title":"Extensive Proliferation of a Subset of Differentiated, yet Plastic, Medial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contributes to Neointimal Formation in Mouse Injury and Atherosclerosis Models","volume":"119","author":"Chappell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95890","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.95890","article-title":"Diverse cellular architecture of atherosclerotic plaque derives from clonal expansion of a few medial SMCs","volume":"2","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000147961.09840.fb","article-title":"A G\/C Element Mediates Repression of the SM22\u03b1 Promoter within Phenotypically Modulated Smooth Muscle Cells in Experimental Atherosclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Wamhoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.36224","article-title":"An introduction to the wound healing assay using live-cell microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Jonkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00220611","article-title":"Comparison of vascular smooth muscle cells from adult human, monkey and rabbit in primary culture and in subculture","volume":"177","author":"Chamley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2012.08.001","article-title":"In vitro cell migration and invasion assays","volume":"752","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. \/Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7812709","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7812709","article-title":"Inhibition of the Ubiquitin-Activating Enzyme UBA1 Suppresses Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice","volume":"2020","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4549","article-title":"Overexpression of Peroxiredoxin 4 Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.196592","article-title":"Increased PAFAH and oxidized lipids are associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic pigs","volume":"29","author":"Karabina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15592","article-title":"Targeted disruption of mouse long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene reveals crucial roles for fatty acid oxidation","volume":"95","author":"Kurtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.004","article-title":"Redox regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and its role in the vascular system","volume":"109","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.035","article-title":"Redox Modification of Nuclear Actin by MICAL-2 Regulates SRF Signaling","volume":"156","author":"Lundquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101266","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018101266","article-title":"Prdx4 limits caspase-1 activation and restricts inflammasome-mediated signaling by extracellular vesicles","volume":"38","author":"Lipinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221743110","article-title":"Pirin is an iron-dependent redox regulator of NF-kappaB","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.10.5542","article-title":"Regulation of the association of adducin with actin filaments by Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) and myosin phosphatase","volume":"273","author":"Kimura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000731","article-title":"Adducin: Structure, function and regulation","volume":"57","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.2000.00381.x","article-title":"Ankycorbin: A novel actin cytoskeleton-associated protein","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00315.2007","article-title":"Genetic inactivation of the laminin alpha5 chain receptor Lu\/BCAM leads to kidney and intestinal abnormalities in the mouse","volume":"294","author":"Rahuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(99)00028-1","article-title":"Identification of the GGPS1 genes encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from mouse and human","volume":"1437","author":"Kainou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25772","article-title":"GGPS1 Mutations Cause Muscular Dystrophy\/Hearing Loss\/Ovarian Insufficiency Syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Foley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0103-0","article-title":"Antiviral Protection by IFITM3 In Vivo","volume":"5","author":"Zani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18607","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900784116","article-title":"IFITM3 protects the heart during influenza virus infection","volume":"116","author":"Kenney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313527","article-title":"THO Complex-Dependent Posttranscriptional Control Contributes to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Fate Decision","volume":"123","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.016","article-title":"The ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of restenosis","volume":"247","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081526","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 4 knockout results in elevated spermatogenic cell death via oxidative stress","volume":"419","author":"Iuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12634","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4): Its critical in vivo roles in animal models of metabolic syndrome ranging from atherosclerosis to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201506123","article-title":"ERO1-independent production of H2O2 within the endoplasmic reticulum fuels Prdx4-mediated oxidative protein folding","volume":"211","author":"Konno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15319","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800021200","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Induces Vascular Calcification through Modulation of the Osteogenic Transcription Factor Runx2 by AKT Signaling","volume":"283","author":"Byon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00610-4","article-title":"Oxidative stress modulates osteoblastic differentiation of vascular and bone cells","volume":"31","author":"Mody","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000381","article-title":"Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Increases Bone Sialoprotein Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Via Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2","volume":"349","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308814110","article-title":"Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries","volume":"110","author":"Maldonado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005015","article-title":"Contribution of Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells to Cholesterol Accumulation and Macrophage-Like Cells in Human Atherosclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Allahverdian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.02.030","article-title":"Distinct signaling mechanisms for apoE inhibition of cell migration and proliferation","volume":"26","author":"Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00046","article-title":"Mouse Models for Atherosclerosis Research\u2014Which Is My Line?","volume":"6","author":"Oppi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12466","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis","volume":"214","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.4.680","article-title":"Lipid Oxidation Products Have Opposite Effects on Calcifying Vascular Cell and Bone Cell Differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Parhami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukowski, R., Cruz Santos, M., Kuret, A., and Ruth, P. cGMP and mitochondrial K+ channels-Compartmentalized but closely connected in cardioprotection. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2021.","key":"ref_85","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15536"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0680-1","article-title":"The oxidant stress hypothesis of atherogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Iuliano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02558.x","article-title":"Predominant role of obesity\/insulin resistance in oxidative stress development","volume":"42","author":"Annuzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000221214.37803.79","article-title":"Thrombin and NAD(P)H Oxidase\u2013Mediated Regulation of CD44 and BMP4-Id Pathway in VSMC, Restenosis, and Atherosclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Vendrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200111927","article-title":"p47phox is required for atherosclerotic lesion progression in ApoE\u2013\/\u2013 mice","volume":"108","author":"Patterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03144-2","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.067843","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin IV protects cells from oxidative stress by removing H2O2 produced during disulphide formation","volume":"123","author":"Tavender","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30952","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.49.30952","article-title":"Regulatory Role for a Novel Human Thioredoxin Peroxidase in NF-\u03baB Activation","volume":"272","author":"Jin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1089\/15230860050192288","article-title":"Characterization of human and mouse peroxiredoxin IV: Evidence for inhibition by Prx-IV of epidermal growth factor-and p53-induced reactive oxygen species","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505986200","article-title":"Analysis of NOD2-mediated Proteome Response to Muramyl Dipeptide in HEK293 Cells","volume":"281","author":"Weichart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900961x","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin IV Regulates Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Large Yellow Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) and Protects against Bacterial Challenge","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.03.025","article-title":"The nuclear factor\u2014kappa B pathway in atherosclerosis: A potential therapeutic target for atherothrombotic vascular disease","volume":"128","author":"Pamukcu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.174870","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin1 Prevents Excessive Endothelial Activation and Early Atherosclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Kisucka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.245530","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E\u2013Deficient Mice","volume":"109","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.06.007","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 6 deficiency and atherosclerosis susceptibility in mice: Significance of genetic background for assessing atherosclerosis","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211956","article-title":"Direct Redox Regulation of F-Actin Assembly and Disassembly by Mical","volume":"334","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy010","article-title":"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: Implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness","volume":"114","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:32Z","timestamp":1760136932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11081364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11081364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4409"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]}}}