{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:40:51Z","timestamp":1790779251047,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01BX004033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX004033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK6BX004477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK6BX004477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK104893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK104893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK057543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK057543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA026629-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA026629-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol consumption induces hepatic injury and the role of BA-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of ALD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1650319442000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Key Signaling in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of Bile Acids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grayson W.","family":"Way","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn G.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya R.","family":"Muscu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0050-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.09.009","article-title":"Introduction: Alcohol and Alcoholism","volume":"23","author":"Khaderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sanyal, A., and Terrault, N. (2018). 26\u2014Epidemiology, Natural History, and Evaluation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Zakim and Boyer\u2019s Hepatology, Elsevier. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.407","article-title":"Fibroscan","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Liver. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26972","article-title":"Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation","volume":"59","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30866","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcohol-Associated Liver Diseases: 2019 Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"71","author":"Crabb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782157","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1782157","article-title":"Intestinal permeability, microbial translocation, changes in duodenal and fecal microbiota, and their associations with alcoholic liver disease progression in humans","volume":"12","author":"Maccioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0359-2","article-title":"Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Dubinkina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1159\/000371678","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Cirrhosis, and Alcohol Regulate Bile Acid Metabolism in the Gut","volume":"33","author":"Ridlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100230","article-title":"Bile acid-receptor TGR5 deficiency worsens liver injury in alcohol-fed mice by inducing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"3","author":"Spatz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.06.007","article-title":"Targeting inflammation for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"180","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.10.002","article-title":"Circulating high density lipoprotein distinguishes alcoholic hepatitis from heavy drinkers and predicts 90-day outcome: Lipoproteins in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Mathur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ventura-Cots, M., Argemi, J., Jones, P.D., Lackner, C., El Hag, M., Abraldes, J.G., Alvarado, E., Clemente, A., Ravi, S., and Alves, A. (2022). Clinical, histological and molecular profiling of different stages of alcohol-related liver disease. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324295"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00592-6","article-title":"Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.09.029","article-title":"The Candida albicans exotoxin candidalysin promotes alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"72","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2017.03.002","article-title":"Bile acids as global regulators of hepatic nutrient metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Hylemon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.04.016","article-title":"Bile acids are nutrient signaling hormones","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64043-6","article-title":"NF-kappaB is activated in cholestasis and functions to reduce liver injury","volume":"158","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"G929","article-title":"Colonic inflammation and secondary bile acids in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"306","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.10.039","article-title":"Ethanol stimulates bile acid formation in primary human hepatocytes","volume":"364","author":"Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 392, 1015\u20131035."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.11.045","article-title":"Alcoholic Liver Disease Replaces Hepatitis C Virus Infection as the Leading Indication for Liver Transplantation in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Cholankeril","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.008","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"70","author":"Nahon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration, Akinyemiju, T., Abera, S., Ahmed, M., Alam, N., Assefa Alemayohu, M., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alvis-Guzman, N., and Amoako, Y. (2017). The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. JAMA Oncol., 3, 1683\u20131691."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30062-1","article-title":"Projected prevalence and mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease in the USA, 2019\u201340: A modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Julien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6930a1","article-title":"Corrections: Deaths and years of potential life lost from excessive alcohol use\u2014United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"69","author":"Esser","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2004.10.005","article-title":"Metabolism of alcohol","volume":"9","author":"Lieber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Genetics of Alcohol Metabolism: Role of Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Variants","volume":"30","author":"Edenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health J. Natl. Inst. Alcohol Abus. Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Mohapel, J., Bianco, C.D., Cesconetto, P.A., Zamoner, A., and Brocardo, P.S. (2019). Chapter 51\u2014Ethanol Exposure During Development, and Brain Oxidative Stress. Neuroscience of Alcohol, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813125-1.00051-9"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i45.5063","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Utility of animal models","volume":"24","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crabb, D.W., and Liangpunsakul, S. (2006). Acetaldehyde Generating Enzyme Systems: Roles of Alcohol Dehydrogenase, CYP2E1 and Catalase, and Speculations on the Role of Other Enzymes and Processes. Acetaldehyde-Related Pathology: Bridging the Trans-Disciplinary Divide: Novartis Foundation Symposium 285, Volume 285, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470511848.ch2"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"245","article-title":"Overview: How is alcohol metabolized by the body?","volume":"29","author":"Zakhari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680732","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4680732","article-title":"The Role of CYP2E1 in the Drug Metabolism or Bioactivation in the Brain","volume":"2017","author":"Guevara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.005","article-title":"Activation of PPARalpha-catalase pathway reverses alcoholic liver injury via upregulating NAD synthesis and accelerating alcohol clearance","volume":"174","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.01.016","article-title":"Alcoholic fatty liver is enhanced in CYP2A5 knockout mice: The role of the PPARalpha-FGF21 axis","volume":"379","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214370","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-009-0432-0","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"83","author":"Cederbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0160241","article-title":"Metabolic effects of acetaldehyde","volume":"16","author":"Lieber","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizumoto, A., Ohashi, S., Hirohashi, K., Amanuma, Y., Matsuda, T., and Muto, M. (2017). Molecular Mechanisms of Acetaldehyde-Mediated Carcinogenesis in Squamous Epithelium. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091943"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R119000547","article-title":"Alcohol effects on hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"61","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12787","article-title":"Insulin resistance in clinical and experimental alcoholic liver disease","volume":"1353","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.037","article-title":"Hepatic Fatty Acid Transporter Cd36 Is a Common Target of LXR, PXR, and PPAR\u03b3 in Promoting Steatosis","volume":"134","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M041863","article-title":"CD36-deficient mice are resistant to alcohol- and high-carbohydrate-induced hepatic steatosis","volume":"55","author":"Clugston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31025-0","article-title":"Ethanol and C2 ceramide activate fatty acid oxidation in human hepatoma cells","volume":"8","author":"Correnti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.049","article-title":"The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the action of ethanol in the liver","volume":"127","author":"You","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60615-0","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cell hypertrophy is associated with metabolic liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14581","article-title":"Role of candidate gene variants in modulating the risk and severity of alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"45","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8005","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8005","article-title":"Peculiar characteristics of portal-hepatic hemodynamics of alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Bolognesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543809","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1543809","article-title":"Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.06.009","article-title":"Etiology of alcoholic cardiomyopathy: Mitochondria, oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"89","author":"Steiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00759-1","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I retards apoptotic signaling induced by ethanol in cardiomyocytes","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25934","article-title":"Acute ethanol exposure-induced autophagy-mediated cardiac injury via activation of the ROS-JNK-Bcl-2 pathway","volume":"233","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1658","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00214.2016","article-title":"Chronic plus binge ethanol feeding induces myocardial oxidative stress, mitochondrial and cardiovascular dysfunction, and steatosis","volume":"310","author":"Matyas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13498","article-title":"Continued Alcohol Misuse in Human Cirrhosis is Associated with an Impaired Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"41","author":"Bajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f4710a","article-title":"Bile acid levels are increased in the liver of patients with steatohepatitis","volume":"20","author":"Aranha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"4058","article-title":"Role of bile acids in the diagnosis and progression of liver cirrhosis: A prospective observational study","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26800","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26800","article-title":"Impaired Gut-Liver-Brain Axis in Patients with Cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28754","article-title":"Bone marrow stem cells and their niche components are adversely affected in advanced cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"64","author":"Bihari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14541-4_5","article-title":"The role of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in physiology and pathophysiology of bile formation","volume":"201","author":"Stieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i23.3915","article-title":"Overview of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporter polypeptides and their roles in the liver","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9426","article-title":"Hepatic transport of bile salts","volume":"20","author":"Stieger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suga, T., Yamaguchi, H., Sato, T., Maekawa, M., Goto, J., and Mano, N. (2017). Preference of Conjugated Bile Acids over Unconjugated Bile Acids as Substrates for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169719"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00185","article-title":"Intestinal Bacteria Interplay with Bile and Cholesterol Metabolism: Implications on Host Physiology","volume":"10","author":"Molinero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1127483","article-title":"Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Ridlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R500013-JLR200","article-title":"Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Ridlon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hundt, M., Basit, H., and Savio, J. (2022). Physiology, Bile Secretion, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-7568-6","article-title":"Bile Acids: Chemistry, Pathochemistry, Biology, Pathobiology, and Therapeutics","volume":"65","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200216666151103115454","article-title":"Bile Acids in Physiology, Pathology and Pharmacology","volume":"17","author":"Marin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, R., Su, L., Lai, S., Wang, Y., Zhao, D., Fan, J., Chen, W., Hylemon, P.B., and Zhou, H. (2021). Bile Acid Receptors and the Gut\u2013Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112806"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01155","article-title":"Impact of Gut Microbiota-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism on the Solubilization Capacity of Bile Salt Micelles and Drug Solubility","volume":"14","author":"Enright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.C120000621","article-title":"Is CYP2C70 the key to new mouse models to understand bile acids in humans?","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900010-JLR200","article-title":"Bile acids: Regulation of synthesis","volume":"50","author":"Chiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2019.05.001","article-title":"The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway","volume":"3","author":"Pandak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(73)90797-3","article-title":"12\u03b1-Hydroxylation of 7\u03b1-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one by a reconstituted system from rat liver microsomes","volume":"54","author":"Bernhardsson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols","volume":"189","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M071183","article-title":"Cyp2c70 is responsible for the species difference in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans","volume":"57","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0628-3","article-title":"Taxonomic profiling and populational patterns of bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes based on worldwide human gut microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01101-1","article-title":"Review: Microbial transformations of human bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Guzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2047-9","article-title":"Global chemical effects of the microbiome include new bile-acid conjugations","volume":"579","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1362","article-title":"Identification of a Nuclear Receptor for Bile Acids","volume":"284","author":"Makishima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0237082100","article-title":"Identification of bile acid precursors as endogenous ligands for the nuclear xenobiotic pregnane X receptor","volume":"100","author":"Goodwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051551698","article-title":"The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity","volume":"98","author":"Staudinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070477","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor as an Intestinal Bile Acid Sensor","volume":"296","author":"Makishima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2006.08.002","article-title":"FXR, a multipurpose nuclear receptor","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm251","article-title":"Analysis of Nuclear Receptor Pseudogenes in Vertebrates: How the Silent Tell Their Stories","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boesjes, M., Bloks, V.W., Hageman, J., Bos, T., Van Dijk, T.H., Havinga, R., Wolters, H., Jonker, J.W., Kuipers, F., and Groen, A.K. (2014). Hepatic Farnesoid X-Receptor Isoforms \u03b12 and \u03b14 Differentially Modulate Bile Salt and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115028"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209505200","article-title":"Natural Structural Variants of the Nuclear Receptor Farnesoid X Receptor Affect Transcriptional Activation","volume":"278","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1365","article-title":"Bile Acids: Natural Ligands for an Orphan Nuclear Receptor","volume":"284","author":"Parks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2019_236","article-title":"Bile Acid-Activated Receptors: A Review on FXR and Other Nuclear Receptors","volume":"256","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.289","article-title":"FXR: A metabolic regulator and cell protector","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18180","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004652","article-title":"Ligand binding and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) induce farnesoid X receptor (FXR) conformational changes affecting coactivator binding","volume":"293","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)00051-4","article-title":"A Regulatory Cascade of the Nuclear Receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 Represses Bile Acid Biosynthesis","volume":"6","author":"Goodwin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10918","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.15.10918","article-title":"Farnesoid X Receptor Responds to Bile Acids and Represses Cholesterol 7\u03b1-Hydroxylase Gene (CYP7A1) Transcription","volume":"275","author":"Chiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27703","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302128200","article-title":"Farnesoid X Receptor Regulates Bile Acid-Amino Acid Conjugation","volume":"278","author":"Pircher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"G184","article-title":"Induction of short heterodimer partner 1 precedes downregulation of Ntcp in bile duct-ligated mice","volume":"282","author":"Zollner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28857","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011610200","article-title":"Human Bile Salt Export Pump Promoter Is Transactivated by the Farnesoid X Receptor\/Bile Acid Receptor","volume":"276","author":"Ananthanarayanan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00028","article-title":"Dysregulation of BSEP and MRP2 May Play an Important Role in Isoniazid-Induced Liver Injury via the SIRT1\/FXR Pathway in Rats and HepG2 Cells","volume":"41","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1124","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00539.2005","article-title":"Upregulation of a basolateral FXR-dependent bile acid efflux transporter OSTalpha-OSTbeta in cholestasis in humans and rodents","volume":"290","author":"Boyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51085","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308321200","article-title":"Farnesoid X Receptor Activates Transcription of the Phospholipid Pump MDR3","volume":"278","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra78","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf4850","article-title":"Small heterodimer partner SHP mediates liver X receptor (LXR)\u2013dependent suppression of inflammatory signaling by promoting LXR SUMOylation specifically in astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, R.S., Parker, A., Vainer, P.D., Elliott, E., Sudbeck, D., Parimi, K., Peddada, V.P., Howe, P.G., D\u2019Ambrosio, N., and Ruddy, G. (2021). The Interface between Cell Signaling Pathways and Pregnane X Receptor. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113262"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30131","article-title":"Pregnane X Receptor Regulates Liver Size and Liver Cell Fate by Yes-Associated Protein Activation in Mice","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400294-JLR200","article-title":"Selective activation of vitamin D receptor by lithocholic acid acetate, a bile acid derivative","volume":"46","author":"Adachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700293-JLR200","article-title":"Lithocholic acid derivatives act as selective vitamin D receptor modulators without inducing hypercalcemia","volume":"49","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M044420","article-title":"Intestinal CYP3A4 protects against lithocholic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in intestine-specific VDR-deficient mice","volume":"55","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.10.021","article-title":"The bile acid TGR5 membrane receptor: From basic research to clinical application","volume":"46","author":"Duboc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-10-0009","article-title":"Gender-dependent effect of Gpbar1 genetic deletion on the metabolic profiles of diet-induced obese mice","volume":"205","author":"Vassileva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209706200","article-title":"A G Protein-coupled Receptor Responsive to Bile Acids","volume":"278","author":"Kawamata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"G1013","article-title":"Ciliary subcellular localization of TGR5 determines the choanocyte functional response to bile acid signaling","volume":"304","author":"Masyuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.188375","article-title":"Role of a novel bile acid receptor TGR5 in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"59","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24681","article-title":"Conjugated bile acids activate the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in primary rodent hepatocytes","volume":"55","author":"Studer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D545","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa970","article-title":"KEGG: Integrating viruses and cellular organisms","volume":"49","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3715","article-title":"Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29760","article-title":"Gut-liver axis alterations in alcoholic liver disease: Are bile acids the answer?","volume":"67","author":"Bajaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthiah, M.D., Smirnova, E., Puri, P., Chalasani, N., Shah, V.H., Kiani, C., Taylor, S., Mirshahi, F., and Sanyal, A.J. (2022). Development of Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis Is Associated with Specific Changes in Gut-Modified Bile Acids. Hepatol. Commun.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1885"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-017-0219-5","article-title":"Influence of Bile Acids on Colorectal Cancer Risk: Potential Mechanisms Mediated by Diet-Gut Microbiota Interactions","volume":"6","author":"Ocvirk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12798","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism dysregulation associates with cancer cachexia: Roles of liver and gut microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.05.015","article-title":"Conjugated Bile Acids Promote Invasive Growth of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells and Cancer Stem Cell Expansion via Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 2\u2013Mediated Yes-Associated Protein Activation","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100387","article-title":"Bile acids contribute to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"4","author":"Gillard","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01143E","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier and promotes intestinal tumorigenesis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30643","article-title":"Secondary bile acid-induced dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis","volume":"140","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106101","article-title":"Downregulation of the farnesoid X receptor promotes colorectal tumorigenesis by facilitating enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis colonization","volume":"177","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900257","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900257","article-title":"Trimethylamine N -Oxide Aggravates Liver Steatosis through Modulation of Bile Acid Metabolism and Inhibition of Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"63","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Qi, Y., Yang, W., and Li, Y. (2020). Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists as Therapeutic Target for Cardiometabolic Diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01247"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMillin, M., Frampton, G., Grant, S., Khan, S., Diocares, J., Petrescu, A., Wyatt, A., Kain, J., Jefferson, B., and DeMorrow, S. (2017). Bile Acid-Mediated Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2 Signaling Promotes Neuroinflammation during Hepatic Encephalopathy in Mice. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00191"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.07.023","article-title":"Bile acid-induced proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line is mediated by transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors","volume":"70","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160704","article-title":"Interacting post-muscarinic receptor signaling pathways potentiate matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression and invasion of human colon cancer cells","volume":"474","author":"Said","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa005","article-title":"Chronic Alcohol Consumption Increased Bile Acid Levels in Enterohepatic Circulation and Reduced Efficacy of Irinotecan","volume":"55","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.031","article-title":"Dysregulation of serum bile acids and FGF19 in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Brandl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1129","article-title":"Deficiency of cholesterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase in bile acid synthesis exacerbates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"2","author":"Donepudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15709","article-title":"Altered bile acid glycine: Taurine ratio in the progression of chronic liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12424","article-title":"Modulation of fatty acid and bile acid metabolism by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha protects against alcoholic liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.06.006","article-title":"The selective PPAR-delta agonist seladelpar reduces ethanol-induced liver disease by restoring gut barrier function and bile acid homeostasis in mice","volume":"227","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0120","article-title":"Bile Acids Induce the Expression of the Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Gene via Activation of the Farnesoid X Receptor","volume":"17","author":"Claudel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1161\/hq1101.098228","article-title":"Fibrates Suppress Bile Acid Synthesis via Peroxisome Proliferator\u2013Activated Receptor-\u03b1\u2013Mediated Downregulation of Cholesterol 7\u03b1-Hydroxylase and Sterol 27-Hydroxylase Expression","volume":"21","author":"Post","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29676","article-title":"Modulation of the intestinal bile acid\/farnesoid X receptor\/fibroblast growth factor 15 axis improves alcoholic liver disease in mice","volume":"67","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3384","article-title":"Microbiome remodelling leads to inhibition of intestinal farnesoid X receptor signalling and decreased obesity","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10166","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10166","article-title":"Intestine-selective farnesoid X receptor inhibition improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.11.057","article-title":"Activation of farnesoid X receptor attenuates hepatic injury in a murine model of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"443","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.12.026","article-title":"FXR deficiency alters bile acid pool composition and exacerbates chronic alcohol induced liver injury","volume":"51","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1256","article-title":"FXR and TGR5 Agonists Ameliorate Liver Injury, Steatosis, and Inflammation After Binge or Prolonged Alcohol Feeding in Mice","volume":"2","author":"Calenda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.04.171","article-title":"Expression and function of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in Kupffer cells","volume":"372","author":"Keitel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2019.09.03","article-title":"Bile acid-based therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"s15","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Bile Acid Metabolism","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082018-124344","article-title":"Bile Acids as Metabolic Regulators and Nutrient Sensors","volume":"39","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12999","article-title":"The response of patients with bile acid diarrhoea to the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid","volume":"41","author":"Walters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:56:15Z","timestamp":1760136975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/8\/1374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11081374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11081374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]}}}