{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:40:42Z","timestamp":1783953642715,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN2012-prot. 2012N8YJC3- Prof. Daniela Caporossi\/Prof. Felicia Farina"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2012-prot. 2012N8YJC3- Prof. Daniela Caporossi\/Prof. Felicia Farina"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, no commercially available drugs have the ability to reverse cachexia or counteract muscle wasting and the loss of lean mass. Here, we report the methodology used to develop Physiactisome\u2014a conditioned medium released by heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60)\u2014overexpressing C2C12 cell lines enriched with small and large extracellular vesicles. We also present evidence supporting its use in the treatment of cachexia. Briefly, we obtain a nanovesicle-based secretion by genetically modifying C2C12 cell lines with an Hsp60-overexpressing plasmid. The secretion is used to treat na\u00efve C2C12 cell lines. Physiactisome activates the expression of PGC-1\u03b1 isoform 1, which is directly involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle atrophy suppression, in na\u00efve C2C12 cell lines. Proteomic analyses show Hsp60 localisation inside isolated nanovesicles and the localisation of several apocrine and merocrine molecules, with potential benefits for severe forms of muscle atrophy. Considering that Physiactisome can be easily obtained following tissue biopsy and can be applied to autologous muscle stem cells, we propose a potential nanovesicle-based anti-cachexia drug that could mimic the beneficial effects of exercise. Thus, Physiactisome may improve patient survival and quality of life. Furthermore, the method used to add Hsp60 into nanovesicles can be used to deliver other drugs or active proteins to vesicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1650604042000},"page":"1406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Physiactisome: A New Nanovesicle Drug Containing Heat Shock Protein 60 for Treating Muscle Wasting and Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Di Felice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Trovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8630-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77573, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies Research Center, eCampus University, 22160 Novedrate, Italy"},{"name":"Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Campanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Marino Gammazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6212-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Muccilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2349-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cunsolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3951-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Cancemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2616-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Multhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7373-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Coletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience 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