{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:49:04Z","timestamp":1791550144516,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, are increasing in populations worldwide. The treatment of patients with AD and other forms of skin inflammation is mainly based on the use of topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors, which can cause significant side effects with long-term use. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of more effective and less toxic anti-inflammatory agents suitable for the treatment of chronic skin lesions. Here, we screened a number of strains from the ASIB 505 terrestrial algae collection and identified a green algae Chromochloris zofingiensis with pronounced anti-inflammatory properties. We found that a crude nonpolar extract of C. zofingiensis (ID name NAE_2022C), grown upon nitrogen deprivation, acts as a bioactive substance by inhibiting TNFR\/NF-\u03baB responses in human skin keratinocyte HaCaT cells. We also found that NAE_2022C suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) and several Th1- and Th2-related chemokines in a reconstituted human epidermis. The TNFR\/NF-\u03baB pathway analysis showed multiple inhibitory effects at different levels and disclosed a direct targeting of IKK\u03b2 by the extract. Bioassay-guided fractionation followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry detected diacylglyceryl-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), Lyso-DGTS (LDGTS), 5-phenylvaleric acid, theophylline and oleamide as leading metabolites in the active fraction of NAE_2022C. Further analysis identified betaine lipid DGTS (32:0) as one of the active compounds responsible for the NAE_2022C-mediated NF-\u03baB suppression. Overall, this study presents an approach for the isolation, screening, and identification of anti-inflammatory secondary metabolites produced by soil algae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1650604042000},"page":"1407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Extract from Soil Algae Chromochloris zofingiensis Targeting TNFR\/NF-\u03baB Signaling at Different Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Leitner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"ADSI\u2014Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, MCI\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jakschitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADSI\u2014Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Gstir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADSI\u2014Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stuppner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADSI\u2014Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Perkams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, MCI\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Kruus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, MCI\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Trockenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, MCI\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Griesbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, MCI\u2014The Entrepreneurial School, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnther K.","family":"Bonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADSI\u2014Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1116-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas A.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"ADSI\u2014Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-2225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taras","family":"Valovka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.12.006","article-title":"Inflammation as \u201ccommon soil\u201d of the multifactorial diseases","volume":"10","author":"Scrivo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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