{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:35:04Z","timestamp":1787855704573,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15ES026795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15ES026795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological studies reveal a correlation between air pollution exposure and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, yet few studies have investigated the role of inhaled particulate matter on intestinal integrity in conjunction with a high-fat (HF) diet. Additionally, there is currently limited information on probiotics in mitigating air-pollutant responses in the intestines. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and a HF diet can alter intestinal integrity and inflammation, which can be attenuated with probiotics. 4\u20136-w-old male C57Bl\/6 mice on a HF diet (45% kcal fat) were randomly assigned to be exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 \u00b5g of DEP suspended in 35 \u00b5L of 0.9% sterile saline or sterile saline (CON) only twice a week for 4 w. A subset of mice was treated with 0.3 g\/day of Winclove Ecologic\u00ae barrier probiotics (PRO) in drinking water throughout the duration of the study. Our results show that DEP exposure \u00b1 probiotics resulted in increased goblet cells and mucin (MUC)-2 expression, as determined by AB\/PAS staining. Immunofluorescent quantification and\/or RT-qPCR showed that DEP exposure increases claudin-3, occludin, zona occludens (ZO)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and interleukin (IL)-10 expression compared to CON. DEP exposure + probiotics increases expression of claudin-3, occludin, ZO-1, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 and decreases MMP-9 and TLR-4 compared to CON + PRO in the small intestine. Collectively, these results show that DEP exposure alters intestinal integrity and inflammation in conjunction with a HF diet. Probiotics proved fundamental in understanding the role of the microbiome in protecting and altering inflammatory responses in the intestines following exposure to inhaled DEP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1650921388000},"page":"1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl\/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Danielle T.","family":"Phillippi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bea Angella","family":"Penaredondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0878-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amie K.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, February 12). 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