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them (in many cases). GKDs usually leads to early-onset chronic kidney disease, which results in patients having to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant. Here, we briefly describe genetic causes and phenotypic effects of six GKDs representative of different ranges of prevalence and renal involvement (ciliopathy, glomerulopathy, and tubulopathy). One of the shared characteristics of GKDs is that most of them are monogenic. This characteristic makes it possible to use site-specific nuclease systems to edit the genes that cause GKDs and generate in vitro and in vivo models that reflect the genetic abnormalities of GKDs. We describe and compare these site-specific nuclease systems (zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effect nucleases (TALENs) and regularly clustered short palindromic repeat-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas9)) and review how these systems have allowed the generation of cellular and animal GKDs models and how they have contributed to shed light on many still unknown fields in GKDs. We also indicate the main obstacles limiting the application of these systems in a more efficient way. The information provided here will be useful to gain an accurate understanding of the technological advances in the field of genome editing for GKDs, as well as to serve as a guide for the selection of both the genome editing tool and the gene delivery method most suitable for the successful development of GKDs models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T14:49:38Z","timestamp":1651848578000},"page":"1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Genetic Kidney Diseases (GKDs) Modeling Using Genome Editing Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nefrolox\u00eda (No. 11), Grupo de Xen\u00e9tica e Biolox\u00eda do Desenvolvemento das Enfermidades Renais, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Xen\u00f3mica, Centro Singular de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (CiMUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6039-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Pulleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nefrolox\u00eda (No. 11), Grupo de Xen\u00e9tica e Biolox\u00eda do Desenvolvemento das Enfermidades Renais, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Xen\u00f3mica, Centro Singular de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (CiMUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nefrolox\u00eda (No. 11), Grupo de Xen\u00e9tica e Biolox\u00eda do Desenvolvemento das Enfermidades Renais, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Allegue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Xen\u00f3mica, Centro Singular de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (CiMUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Garcia-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nefrolox\u00eda (No. 11), Grupo de Xen\u00e9tica e Biolox\u00eda do Desenvolvemento das Enfermidades Renais, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica Galega de Medicina Xen\u00f3mica-SERGAS, Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60659-0","article-title":"Rare inherited kidney diseases: Challenges, opportunities, and perspectives","volume":"383","author":"Devuyst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.06.018","article-title":"Common Elements in Rare Kidney Diseases: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"92","author":"Bockenhauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.205","article-title":"Exploring the genetic basis of early-onset chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Vivante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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