{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:52:22Z","timestamp":1792637542463,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cERGO\u201d, a European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["825753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825753"]}]},{"name":"\u201cERGO\u201d, a European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["NSF IOS 2035732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF IOS 2035732"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique\u201d and the \u201cMus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle\u201d","award":["825753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825753"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique\u201d and the \u201cMus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle\u201d","award":["NSF IOS 2035732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF IOS 2035732"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In multicellular organisms, development is based in part on the integration of communication systems. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal\/interrenal axes, are central players in orchestrating body morphogenesis. In all vertebrates, the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and release, whereas the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal\/interrenal axis regulates the production and release of corticosteroids. One of the most salient effects of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids in post-embryonic developmental processes is their critical role in metamorphosis in anuran amphibians. Metamorphosis involves modifications to the morphological and biochemical characteristics of all larval tissues to enable the transition from one life stage to the next life stage that coincides with an ecological niche switch. This transition in amphibians is an example of a widespread phenomenon among vertebrates, where thyroid hormones and corticosteroids coordinate a post-embryonic developmental transition. The review addresses the functions and interactions of thyroid hormone and corticosteroid signaling in amphibian development (metamorphosis) as well as the developmental roles of these two pathways in vertebrate evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1652171515000},"page":"1595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Amphibian Metamorphosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7745-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bidisha","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Sterner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6330-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Bo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent M.","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7221 Molecular Physiology and Adaption, CNRS, Museum National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, 57 Rue Cuvier, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735487","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.735487","article-title":"Interdependence of Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Vertebrate Developmental Transitions","volume":"9","author":"Rousseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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