{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1784641593154,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown the presence of a subpopulation of macrophages that express CD3, especially in the context of mycobacterial infections. Despite these findings, the function of these cells has been poorly understood. Furthermore, the low frequency of CD3+ macrophages in humans limits the study of this subpopulation. This work aimed to evaluate the expression of CD3 in a murine macrophage cell line and its potential for the study of CD3 signaling. The murine macrophage cell line RAW was used to evaluate CD3 expression at the transcriptional and protein levels and the effect of in vitro infection with the Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) on these. Our data showed that RAW macrophages express CD3, both the \u03b5 and \u03b6 chains, and it is further increased at the transcriptional level after BCG infection. Furthermore, our data suggest that CD3 can be found on the cell surface and intracellularly. However, this molecule is internalized constantly, mainly after activation with anti-CD3 stimulus, but interestingly, it is stably maintained at the transcriptional level. Finally, signaling proteins such as NFAT1, c-Jun, and IKK-\u03b1 are highly expressed in RAW macrophages. They may play a role in the CD3-controlled signaling pathway to deliver inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-6. Our study provides evidence to support that RAW cells are a suitable model to study the function and signaling of the CD3 complex in myeloid cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"1635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Murine RAW Macrophages Are a Suitable Model to Study the CD3 Signaling in Myeloid Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9884-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranferi","family":"Oca\u00f1a-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucero A.","family":"Ram\u00f3n-Luing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3900-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo-Daniel","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Chavez-Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Much more than M1 and M2 macrophages, there are also CD169+and TCR+macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Olleros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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