{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:09:44Z","timestamp":1762052984341,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre, Poland (NCN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ7\/00925","2018\/31\/D\/NZ7\/02217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ7\/00925","2018\/31\/D\/NZ7\/02217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nuclear medicine staff are constantly exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation. This study investigated the level of genotoxic effects in hospital employees exposed to routinely used 131I and 99mTc in comparison with a control group. The study compared the results of physical and biological monitoring in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The effects of confounding factors, such as smoking status and physical activity, were also considered. Physical dosimetry monitoring revealed differences in the individual annual effective dose as measured by finger ring dosimeter and whole-body dosimeter between the 131I- and 99mTc-exposed groups. The DNA damage studies revealed differences between the groups in terms of excess premature chromosome condensation (PCC) fragments and tail DNA. Physical activity and smoking status differentiated the investigated groups. When assessed by the level of physical activity, the highest mean values of tail DNA were observed for the 99mTc group. When assessed by work-related physical effort, excess PCC fragments were significantly higher in the 131I group than in the control group. In the investigated groups, the tail DNA values were significantly different between non-smokers and past or current smokers, but excess PCC fragments did not significantly differ by smoking status. It is important to measure exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation and assess the potential risk from this exposure. Such investigations support the need to continue epidemiological and experimental studies to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of the health effects of radionuclides and to develop predictive models of the behavior of these complex systems in response to low-dose radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1652706383000},"page":"1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genotoxicity Associated with 131I and 99mTc Exposure in Nuclear Medicine Staff: A Physical and Biological Monitoring Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Miszczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9233-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Ga\u0142a\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Panek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kostkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Vascular Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Brudecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0073-9","article-title":"Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: Clinical advances and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Sgouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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