{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:45:27Z","timestamp":1788345927883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z1AES103311-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1AES103311-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH P01 HD106485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P01 HD106485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HD096266-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD096266-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For pregnancy to be established, uterine cells respond to the ovarian hormones, estrogen, and progesterone, via their nuclear receptors, the estrogen receptor (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PGR). ESR1 and PGR regulate genes by binding chromatin at genes and at distal enhancer regions, which interact via dynamic 3-dimensional chromatin structures. Endometrial epithelial cells are the initial site of embryo attachment and invasion, and thus understanding the processes that yield their receptive state is important. Here, we cultured and treated organoids derived from human epithelial cells, isolated from endometrial biopsies, with estrogen and progesterone and evaluated their transcriptional profiles, their PGR cistrome, and their chromatin conformation. Progesterone attenuated estrogen-dependent gene responses but otherwise minimally impacted the organoid transcriptome. PGR ChIPseq peaks were co-localized with previously described organoid ESR1 peaks, and most PGR and ESR1 peaks were in B (inactive) compartment regions of chromatin. Significantly more ESR1 peaks were assigned to estrogen-regulated genes by considering chromatin loops identified using HiC than were identified using ESR1 peak location relative to closest genes. Overall, the organoids model allowed a definition of the chromatin regulatory components governing hormone responsiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T01:40:45Z","timestamp":1653702045000},"page":"1760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Progesterone Signaling in Endometrial Epithelial Organoids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia C.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pregnancy and Female Reproduction, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"San-pin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pregnancy and Female Reproduction, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3970-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women\u2019s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco J.","family":"DeMayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pregnancy and Female Reproduction, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1429.018","article-title":"The menstrual cycle: Basic biology","volume":"1135","author":"Hawkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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