{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:57:10Z","timestamp":1785412630238,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":389,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","award":["IN206820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN206820"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","award":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/G14\/1320 ET-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/G14\/1320 ET-C"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","award":["EMERGIA 2020-39318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMERGIA 2020-39318"]}]},{"name":"Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggm\u00e4stare, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["IN206820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN206820"]}]},{"name":"Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggm\u00e4stare, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/G14\/1320 ET-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/G14\/1320 ET-C"]}]},{"name":"Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggm\u00e4stare, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["EMERGIA 2020-39318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMERGIA 2020-39318"]}]},{"name":"Plan Andaluz de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n (PAIDI 2020)","award":["IN206820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN206820"]}]},{"name":"Plan Andaluz de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n (PAIDI 2020)","award":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/G14\/1320 ET-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/G14\/1320 ET-C"]}]},{"name":"Plan Andaluz de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n (PAIDI 2020)","award":["EMERGIA 2020-39318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMERGIA 2020-39318"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients suffering from these disorders. Consequently, the development of novel strategies designed to treat them quickly and efficiently, without or at least having limited side effects, is considered a highly important goal. Growing evidence indicates that emerging properties are developed on recognition, trafficking, and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their heteromerization with other types of GPCRs, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, to develop new treatments for MDD and anxiety, it will be important to identify the most vulnerable heteroreceptor complexes involved in MDD and anxiety. This review focuses on how GPCRs, especially serotonin, dopamine, galanin, and opioid heteroreceptor complexes, modulate synaptic and volume transmission in the limbic networks of the brain. We attempt to provide information showing how these emerging concepts can contribute to finding new ways to treat both MDD and anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1654167902000},"page":"1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Dysfunctional Heteroreceptor Complexes as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"P\u00e9rez de la Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5736-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasiel O.","family":"Borroto-Escuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnav\u00e4gen 9., 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Morphology, Physiology and Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca\u2019 le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Campus Teatinos S\/N., 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minerva","family":"Crespo-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5278-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 del Carmen","family":"Rej\u00f3n-Orantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Experimental de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Humana C-II, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Guti\u00e9rrez 29026, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Alejandro","family":"Palacios-Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda K.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Tesoro-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda e Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital de Infectolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City 01000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kjell","family":"Fuxe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnav\u00e4gen 9., 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.189168","article-title":"Volume Transmission and Receptor-Receptor Interactions in Heteroreceptor Complexes: Understanding the Role of New Concepts for Brain Communication","volume":"11","author":"Fuxe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. 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