{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:40:01Z","timestamp":1778539201352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RF2013-02358960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF2013-02358960"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["COVID-2020-12371817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-2020-12371817"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the third booster dose of the mRNA vaccine, Common Variable Immune Deficiencies (CVID) patients may not produce specific antibodies against the virus spike protein. The T-cell abnormalities associated with the absence of antibodies are still a matter of investigation. Spike-specific IgG and IgA, peripheral T cell subsets, CD40L and cytokine expression, and Spike-specific specific T-cells responses were evaluated in 47 CVID and 26 healthy donors after three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. Testing was performed two weeks after the third vaccine dose. Thirty-six percent of the patients did not produce anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgA antibodies. Non responder patients had lower peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, circulating na\u00efve and central memory T-cells, low CD40L expression on the CD4+CD45+RO+ and CD8+CD45+RO+ T-cells, high frequencies of TNF\u03b1 and IFN\u03b3 expressing CD8+ T-cells, and defective release of IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1 following stimulation with Spike peptides. Non responders had a more complex disease phenotype, with higher frequencies of structural lung damage and autoimmunity, especially autoimmune cytopenia. Thirty-five percent of them developed a SARS-CoV-2 infection after immunization in comparison to twenty percent of CVID who responded to immunization with antibodies production. CVID-associated T cell abnormalities contributed to the absence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies after full immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T23:50:14Z","timestamp":1655250614000},"page":"1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["T-Cell Defects Associated to Lack of Spike-Specific Antibodies after BNT162b2 Full Immunization Followed by a Booster Dose in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2595-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Cecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Sinibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Piano Mortari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Terreri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Guercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Sculco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2581-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Milito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Quintarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Onco-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00116 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Carsetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale di San Paolo, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Quinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00737-x","article-title":"Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2019 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"1","author":"Tangye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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