{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:24:01Z","timestamp":1791721441292,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81860020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R15AI138116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15AI138116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81860020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R15AI138116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15AI138116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is characterized by progressive respiratory failure resulting from diffuse alveolar damage, inflammatory infiltrates, endotheliitis, and pulmonary and systemic coagulopathy forming obstructive microthrombi with multi-organ dysfunction, indicating that endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The glycocalyx is defined as a complex gel-like layer of glycosylated lipid\u2013protein mixtures, which surrounds all living cells and acts as a buffer between the cell and the extracellular matrix. The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) plays an important role in vascular homeostasis via regulating vascular permeability, cell adhesion, mechanosensing for hemodynamic shear stresses, and antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we review the new findings that described EGL damage in ARDS, coagulopathy, and the multisystem inflammatory disease associated with COVID-19. Mechanistically, the inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), the glycocalyx fragments, and the viral proteins may contribute to endothelial glycocalyx damage in COVID-19. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the EGL for the treatment of severe COVID-19 are summarized and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T10:14:52Z","timestamp":1655633692000},"page":"1972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Potential Targeted Therapy in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Duoduo","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shock\/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yisong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e575","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30216-7","article-title":"Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: Evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Goshua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09805-6","article-title":"COVID-19 is a systemic vascular hemopathy: Insight for mechanistic and clinical aspects","volume":"24","author":"Smadja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91231-1","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx shields the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with ACE2 receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kubisiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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