{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T18:23:44Z","timestamp":1788719024827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, resulting in 1.3 million deaths annually. The vast majority of liver disease is caused by metabolic disease (i.e., NASH) and alcohol-induced hepatitis, and to a lesser extent by acute and chronic viral infection. Furthermore, multiple insults to the liver is becoming common due to the prevalence of metabolic and alcohol-related liver diseases. Despite this rising prevalence of liver disease, there are few treatment options: there are treatments for viral hepatitis C and there is vaccination for hepatitis B. Aside from the management of metabolic syndrome, no direct liver therapy has shown clinical efficacy for metabolic liver disease, there is very little for acute alcohol-induced liver disease, and liver transplantation remains the only effective treatment for late-stage liver disease. Traditional pharmacologic interventions have failed to appreciably impact the pathophysiology of alcohol-related liver disease or end-stage liver disease. The difficulties associated with developing liver-specific therapies result from three factors that are common to late-stage liver disease arising from any cause: hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and aberrant tissue healing. Hepatocyte injury results in tissue damage with inflammation, which sensitizes the liver to additional hepatocyte injury and stimulates hepatic stellate cells and aberrant tissue healing responses. In the setting of chronic liver insults, there is progressive scarring, the loss of hepatocyte function, and hemodynamic dysregulation. Regenerative strategies using hepatocyte-like cells that are manufactured from mesenchymal stromal cells may be able to correct this pathophysiology through multiple mechanisms of action. Preclinical studies support their effectiveness and recent clinical studies suggest that cell replacement therapy can be safe and effective in patients with liver disease for whom there is no other option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11131998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1655933466000},"page":"1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical Application of Induced Hepatocyte-like Cells Produced from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yanina","family":"Bogliotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatx Corporation, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Vander Roest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatx Corporation, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5813-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aras N.","family":"Mattis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert G.","family":"Gish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert G. Gish Consultants, LLC, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Peltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Anwyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatx Corporation, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salah","family":"Kivlighn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatx Corporation, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R.","family":"Schuur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatx Corporation, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of liver diseases in the world","volume":"70","author":"Asrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201997","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.1997","article-title":"Trends in the burden of chronic liver disease among hospitalized US adults","volume":"3","author":"Hirode","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30349-8","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20142017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Sepanlou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"398","author":"Krag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression","volume":"18","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00258","article-title":"The role of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Schuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Farrell, S.E., and Defendi, G.L. (2022, May 19). Acetaminophen Toxicity. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/820200-overview."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0014-7","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Seitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-072610-145138","article-title":"Inflammation in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2018.02.003","article-title":"Role of sterile inflammation in fatty liver diseases","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340257","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/340257","article-title":"Management of fibrosis: The mesenchymal stromal cells breakthrough","volume":"2014","author":"Usunier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1412278","article-title":"Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"372","author":"Thursz","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60777","article-title":"IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"122","author":"Petrasek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0073","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells anno 2019: Dawn of the therapeutic era? Concise review","volume":"8","author":"Hoogduijn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-019-0083-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: Cell biology to clinical progress","volume":"4","author":"Pittenger","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.44","article-title":"Human hepatocyte transplantation: Current experience and future challenges","volume":"7","author":"Dhawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8108734","article-title":"Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation","volume":"263","author":"Rhim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.05.004","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells: Clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Galipeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X673432","article-title":"Enabling autologous human liver regeneration with differentiated adipocyte stem cells","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215182","article-title":"Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells","volume":"109","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704421104","article-title":"Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mediates the antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effect of mesenchymal stem cells during lung injury","volume":"104","author":"Ortiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.158","article-title":"Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo","volume":"328","author":"Seo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl058","article-title":"Sequential exposure to cytokines reflecting embryogenesis: The key for in vitro differentiation of adult bone marrow stem cells into functional hepatocyte-like cells","volume":"94","author":"Snykers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor contributes to hepatocyte-like differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"76","author":"Lysy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Differ. Res. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.12.024","article-title":"Native umbilical cord matrix stem cells express hepatic markers and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells","volume":"134","author":"Campard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21704","article-title":"Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a source of human hepatocytes","volume":"46","author":"Banas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0181-3","article-title":"Rapid and high-efficiency generation of mature functional hepatocyte-like cells from adipose-derived stem cells by a three-step protocol","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05496.x","article-title":"Rapid hepatic fate specification of adipose-derived stem cells and their therapeutic potential for liver failure","volume":"24","author":"Banas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.02.006","article-title":"Stromal cells from the adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction and culture expanded adipose tissue-derived stromal\/stem cells: A joint statement of the International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics and Science (IFATS) and the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT)","volume":"15","author":"Bourin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2015.08.014","article-title":"Bioprocessing of human mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells for therapeutic use: Current technologies and challenges","volume":"108","author":"Schnitzler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2010.197","article-title":"Good manufacturing practices production of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells","volume":"22","author":"Bourin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8912-x","article-title":"Manufacturing human mesenchymal stem cells at clinical scale: Process and regulatory challenges","volume":"102","author":"Jossen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00178","article-title":"Peak MSC\u2014Are we there yet?","volume":"5","author":"Olsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25986","article-title":"Human liver stem cells improve liver injury in a model of fulminant liver failure","volume":"57","author":"Herrera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0114","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a stem cell population from adult human liver","volume":"24","author":"Herrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X639026","article-title":"Adult-derived human liver progenitor cells in long-term culture maintain appropriate gatekeeper mechanisms against transformation","volume":"21","author":"Scheers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X692960","article-title":"Adult-derived human liver stem\/progenitor cells infused 3 days postsurgery improve liver regeneration in a mouse model of extended hepatectomy","volume":"26","author":"Herrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.03.022","article-title":"Inducing hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet culture","volume":"27","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.090050","article-title":"Functional integration of hepatocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells into mouse livers","volume":"56","author":"Aurich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.154880","article-title":"Hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue in vitro promotes hepatic integration in vivo","volume":"58","author":"Aurich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6351091","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6351091","article-title":"Human liver-derived stem cells improve fibrosis and inflammation associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"2019","author":"Bruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.1024","article-title":"Effective three-dimensional culture of hepatocyte-like cells generated from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2009.0208","article-title":"Properties of hepatocyte-like cell clusters from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"16","author":"Okura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Schuur, E., Bogliotti, Y., and Roest, M.V. (2021, January 12\u201315). Effects of a novel cell therapy in mice with chemically induced acute liver injury using hepatocyte-like cells derived from adipose stromal cells reduces liver damage and inflammation. Proceedings of the Liver Meeting, Hoboken, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-021-00194-4","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells mitigate liver damage after extended resection in the pig by modulating thrombospondin-1\/TGF-\u03b2","volume":"6","author":"Nickel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13020","article-title":"Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated from human fibroblasts","volume":"508","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23506","article-title":"Generation of functional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells under chemically defined conditions that recapitulate liver development","volume":"51","author":"Touboul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.01.042","article-title":"The reconstituted \u2018humanized liver\u2019 in TK-NOG mice is mature and functional","volume":"405","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.04.014","article-title":"Transplantation of human stem cell-derived hepatocytes in an animal model of acute liver failure","volume":"158","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, S., Hempel, M., Br\u00fcckner, S., Tautenhahn, H.M., Kaufmann, R., and Christ, B. (2016). Identification of Pathways in Liver Repair Potentially Targeted by Secretory Proteins from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071099"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.008","article-title":"Sustained engraftment and tissue enzyme activity after liver cell transplantation for argininosuccinate lyase deficiency","volume":"130","author":"Najimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/8904_2013_257","article-title":"Liver engraftment and repopulation by in vitro expanded adult derived human liver stem cells in a child with ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Zschocke","year":"2013","journal-title":"JIMD Reports\u2014Case and Research Reports"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-019-09925-z","article-title":"Intrahepatic administration of human liver stem cells in infants with inherited neonatal-onset hyperammonemia: A phase I study","volume":"16","author":"Spada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002605","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of liver derived mesenchymal stem cells in pediatric liver based metabolic disorders","volume":"103","author":"Smets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100291","article-title":"A phase II study of human allogeneic liver-derived progenitor cell therapy for acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute decompensation","volume":"3","author":"Nevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.10.014","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy: Progress in manufacturing and assessments of potency","volume":"21","author":"Robb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32888","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32888","article-title":"Scalable differentiation of human iPSCs in a multicellular spheroid-based 3D culture into hepatocyte-like cells through direct Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway inhibition","volume":"6","author":"Pettinato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz475","article-title":"Highly efficient editing of the \u03b2-globin gene in patient-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to treat sickle cell disease","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"170","article-title":"The impact of sterile inflammation in acute liver injury","volume":"3","author":"Woolbright","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0446","article-title":"The emerging antioxidant paradigm of mesenchymal stem cell therapy","volume":"9","author":"Stavely","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.09.001","article-title":"Multipotent stromal cells: One name, multiple identities","volume":"28","author":"Soliman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.14.29","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells have similar immunogenic and more potent immunomodulatory properties compared with bone marrow-derived stromal cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Schnabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02630-3","article-title":"Inflammation-associated suppression of metabolic gene networks in acute and chronic liver disease","volume":"94","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"159","article-title":"Alcohol\u2019s effect on host defense","volume":"37","author":"Szabo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00002-8","article-title":"Alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"6","author":"Brunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25355","article-title":"Converting skin fibroblasts into hepatic-like cells by transient programming","volume":"117","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1465-3249(22)00245-6","article-title":"Novel hybrid phenotypes of adipose stromal cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells demonstrate improved immunomodulatory capabilities in vitro and increased effectiveness against liver injury in vivo","volume":"24","author":"Bogliotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5126156","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5126156","article-title":"Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as immunomodulatory therapeutics","volume":"2019","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1310-1","article-title":"Current understanding of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies in liver diseases","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.09.006","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells: Putative microenvironmental modulators become cell therapy","volume":"28","author":"Krampera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00480-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver disease: Full of chances and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1224-y","article-title":"Correction to: Priming approaches to improve the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies","volume":"10","author":"Noronha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/13\/1998\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:45Z","timestamp":1760139465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/13\/1998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11131998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11131998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}