{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:14:34Z","timestamp":1789845274667,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP17K15128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17K15128"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP17H03672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17H03672"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20K06621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K06621"]}]},{"name":"Fujiwara Natural History Foundation","award":["JP17K15128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17K15128"]}]},{"name":"Fujiwara Natural History Foundation","award":["JP17H03672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17H03672"]}]},{"name":"Fujiwara Natural History Foundation","award":["JP20K06621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K06621"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fertilization is an essential process in terrestrial organisms for creating a new organism with genetic diversity. Before gamete fusion, several steps are required to achieve successful fertilization. Animal spermatozoa are first activated and attracted to the eggs by egg-derived chemoattractants. During the sperm passage of the egg\u2019s extracellular matrix or upon the sperm binding to the proteinaceous egg coat, the sperm undergoes an acrosome reaction, an exocytosis of acrosome. In hermaphrodites such as ascidians, the self\/nonself recognition process occurs when the sperm binds to the egg coat. The activated or acrosome-reacted spermatozoa penetrate through the proteinaceous egg coat. The extracellular ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system, the astacin-like metalloproteases, and the trypsin-like proteases play key roles in this process in ascidians. In the present review, we summarize our current understanding and perspectives on gamete recognition and egg coat lysins in ascidians and consider the general mechanisms of fertilization in animals and plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T11:12:35Z","timestamp":1656760355000},"page":"2096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mechanisms of Sperm\u2013Egg Interactions: What Ascidian Fertilization Research Has Taught Us"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Sawada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Environment, College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"},{"name":"Shizuoka Institute for the Study of Marine Biology and Chemistry, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Barresi, M.J.F., and Gilbert, S.F. 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