{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:40:43Z","timestamp":1769755243132,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFI-33364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFI-33364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFI-33364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFI-33364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) represents a highly aggressive form of prostate tumors. NEPC results from trans-differentiated castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with increasing evidence indicating that the incidence of NEPC often results from the adaptive response to androgen deprivation therapy. Recent studies have shown that a subset of NEPC exhibits overexpression of the MYCN oncogene along with the loss of tumor suppressing TP53 and RB1 activities. N-MYC is structurally disordered with no binding pockets available on its surface and so far, no clinically approved drug is available. We adopted a drug-repurposing strategy, screened ~1800 drug molecules, and identified fludarabine phosphate to preferentially inhibit the proliferation of N-MYC overexpressing NEPC cells by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also show that fludarabine phosphate affects N-MYC protein levels and N-MYC transcriptional targets in NEPC cells. Moreover, enhanced ROS production destabilizes N-MYC protein by inhibiting AKT signaling and is responsible for the reduced survival of NEPC cells and tumors. Our results indicate that increasing ROS production by the administration of fludarabine phosphate may represent an effective treatment option for patients with N-MYC overexpressing NEPC tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"2246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Drug Repurposing Screen Identifies Fludarabine Phosphate as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for N-MYC Overexpressing Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hussain","family":"Elhasasna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalpana K.","family":"Bhanumathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick S.","family":"Vizeacoumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prachi","family":"Walke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, and Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, 701 Queen St., Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maricris","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, and Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, 701 Queen St., Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh K.","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Maranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hardikkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrutha","family":"Balagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nezeka","family":"Alli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0064-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, and Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, 701 Queen St., Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Freywald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6452-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco J.","family":"Vizeacoumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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