{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:44:14Z","timestamp":1788385454299,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2021M3F7A1083232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3F7A1083232"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2021R1C1C2010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C2010469"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2022R1A2C1007556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1007556"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["HU22C0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU22C0070"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["ZC21CESI0573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC21CESI0573"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2021M3F7A1083232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3F7A1083232"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2021R1C1C2010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C2010469"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2022R1A2C1007556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1007556"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["HU22C0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU22C0070"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["ZC21CESI0573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC21CESI0573"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["2021M3F7A1083232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3F7A1083232"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["2021R1C1C2010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C2010469"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["2022R1A2C1007556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1007556"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["HU22C0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU22C0070"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["ZC21CESI0573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC21CESI0573"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea","award":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01070352"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea","award":["2021M3F7A1083232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3F7A1083232"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea","award":["2021R1C1C2010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C2010469"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea","award":["2022R1A2C1007556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1007556"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea","award":["HU22C0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU22C0070"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea","award":["ZC21CESI0573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC21CESI0573"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2)-peptide production or deposition in the neuropathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) was shown to be caused by chronic inflammation that may be induced by infection, but the role of pathogenic-bacteria-related AD-associated A\u03b2 is not yet clearly understood. In this study, we validated the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the A\u03b2-protein load and bacterial infection and that there are effects of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), on the A\u03b2 load in the inflammatory environment of human tonsils. Here, we detected A\u03b2-peptide deposits in human tonsil tissue as well as tissue similar to tonsilloliths found in the olfactory cleft. Interestingly, we demonstrated for the first time the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clustered around or embedded in the A\u03b2 deposits. Notably, we showed that treatment with S. aureus upregulated the A\u03b2-protein load in cultures of human tonsil organoids and brain organoids, showing the new role of S. aureus in A\u03b2-protein aggregation. These findings suggest that a reservoir of A\u03b2 and pathogenic bacteria may be a possible therapeutic target in human tonsils, supporting the treatment of antibiotics to prevent the deposition of A\u03b2 peptides via the removal of pathogens in the intervention of AD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T22:49:02Z","timestamp":1658702942000},"page":"2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human Palatine Tonsils Are Linked to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease through Function of Reservoir of Amyloid Beta Protein Associated with Bacterial Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jung Yeon","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Joon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Ho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon-A.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Ho","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongman","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-009-8104-z","article-title":"An Overview of APP Processing Enzymes and Products","volume":"12","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00818.x","article-title":"Highly conserved and disease-specific patterns of carboxyterminally truncated Abeta peptides 1-37\/38\/39 in addition to 1-40\/42 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in patients with chronic neuroinflammation","volume":"81","author":"Wiltfang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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