{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:20:39Z","timestamp":1791829239253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C1007203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C1007203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attenuating acetylcholinesterase and insulin\/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in the hippocampus is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) development. Fucoidan and carrageenan are brown and red algae, respectively, with potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral activities. This study examined how low-molecular-weight (MW) and high-MW fucoidan and \u03bb-carrageenan would improve memory impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease-induced rats caused by an infusion of toxic amyloid-\u03b2(A\u03b2). Fucoidan and \u03bb-carrageenan were dissected into low-MW by Luteolibacter algae and Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora. Rats receiving an A\u03b2(25\u201335) infusion in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed dextrin (AD-Con), 1% high-MW fucoidan (AD-F-H), 1% low-MW fucoidan (AD-F-L), 1% high-MW \u03bb-carrageenan (AD-C-H), and 1% low-MW \u03bb-carrageenan (AD-C-L) for six weeks. Rats to receive saline infusion (Normal-Con) had an AD-Con diet. The AD-F-L group showed an improved memory function, which manifested as an enhanced Y-maze spontaneous alternation test, water maze, and passive avoidance tests, similar to the Normal-Con group. AD-F-L also potentiated hippocampal insulin signaling and increased the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. AD-C-L improved the memory function mainly by increasing the BDNF content. AD-F-H and AD-C-H did not improve the memory function. Compared to AD-Con, the ascending order of AD-C-H, AD-F-H, AD-C-L, and AD-F-L increased insulin signaling by enhancing the pSTAT3\u2192pAkt\u2192pGSK-3\u03b2 pathway. AD-F-L improved glucose tolerance the most. Compared to AD-CON, the AD-F-L treatment increased the serum acetate concentrations and compensated for the defect of cerebral glucose metabolism. AD-Con increased Clostridium, Terrisporobacter and Sporofaciens compared to Normal-Con, and AD-F-L and AD-C-L increased Akkermentia. In conclusion, AD-F-L and AD-C-L alleviated the memory function in the rats with induced AD symptoms by modulating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T22:03:42Z","timestamp":1658873022000},"page":"2301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mitigation of Memory Impairment with Fermented Fucoidan and \u03bb-Carrageenan Supplementation through Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Their Metagenome Function in Hippocampal Amyloid-\u03b2 Infused Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuangao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaokai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6092-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity\/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Sidhu, J., Goyal, A., and Tsao, J.W. (2022). Alzheimer Disease. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111499","article-title":"Multiple roles of short-chain fatty acids in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2019.85929","article-title":"Risk Factors of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21643","article-title":"Insulin resistance and impaired lipid metabolism as a potential link between diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Kulas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0613","article-title":"Association of Insulin Resistance With Cerebral Glucose Uptake in Late Middle\u2013Aged Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"72","author":"Willette","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105828","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/105828","article-title":"Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: The Molecular Connectivity between Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Verdile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wisniewski, T. (2019). A New Perspective on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease as a Brain Expression of a Complex Metabolic Disorder. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Codon Publications."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, T.M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A.F.H., and Weickert, M.O. (2020). The Health Benefits of Dietary Fibre. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103209"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Z.W., Yu, E.Z., and Feng, Q. (2021). Soluble Dietary Fiber, One of the Most Important Nutrients for the Gut Microbiota. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226802"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02382-2","article-title":"Chitosan alleviated menopausal symptoms and modulated the gut microbiota in estrogen-deficient rats","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12068","article-title":"Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota, and obesity-related metabolic diseases?","volume":"14","author":"Brahe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3531","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and kidney diseases","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1703","article-title":"Protection against Alzheimer\u2019s disease by luteolin: Role of brain glucose regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and the gut microbiota-liver-brain axis","volume":"47","author":"Daily","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Kim, M.J., Kim, M.J., Wu, X., Yang, H.J., Yuan, H., Huang, S., Yoon, S.M., Kim, K.-N., and Park, S. (2022). Long-Term Effect of Porcine Brain Enzyme Hydrolysate Intake on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063361"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Zhang, T., Yue, Y., and Wu, X. (2022). Effects of Bile Acid Modulation by Dietary Fat, Cholecystectomy, and Bile Acid Sequestrant on Energy, Glucose, and Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115935"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, C.J., Ha, K.C., Baek, H.I., Yang, H.J., Kim, M.J., and Park, S.J. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Aronia, Red Ginseng, Shiitake Mushroom, and Nattokinase Mixture on Insulin Resistance in Prediabetic Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071558"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.J., Zhang, T., Wu, X.G., Kim, M.J., Kim, Y.H., Yang, E.S., Yoon, Y.S., and Park, S. (2021). Aqueous Blackcurrant Extract Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion and Modulates the Gut Microbiome in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050756"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans, N., Naik, S.N., and Malik, A. (2019). Platform molecules from algae by using supercritical CO2 and subcritical water extraction. Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429054242-22"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0974-5","article-title":"Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: Revisiting our understanding","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"34","article-title":"Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides carrageenan from some marine seaweeds","volume":"7","author":"Gomaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2011.12.022","article-title":"Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae, improves cognitive impairment induced by infusion of A\u03b2 peptide in rats","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.6006","article-title":"\u03ba-carrageenan-derived pentasaccharide attenuates A\u03b225-35-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via suppression of the JNK signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.02.020","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of action responsible for carrageenan-induced inflammatory response","volume":"109","author":"Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.01.067","article-title":"Molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides from edible seaweeds by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC)","volume":"93","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.110911","article-title":"Microbial fucoidan degradation by Luteolibacter algae H18 with deacetylation","volume":"76","author":"Ohshiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02740","article-title":"Evolutionary Evidence of Algal Polysaccharide Degradation Acquisition by Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora 9T to Adapt to Macroalgal Niches","volume":"9","author":"Gobet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1021\/cn3000982","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2-peptide 25\u201335 self-assembly and its inhibition: A model undecapeptide system to gain atomistic and secondary structure details of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease process and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Naldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"843649","article-title":"Accumulation of Exogenous Amyloid Beta Peptide in Hippocampal Mitochondria Causes Their Dysfunction: A Protective Role for Melatonin","volume":"2012","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38749-7","article-title":"Structure of amyloid \u03b225\u201335 in lipid environment and cholesterol-dependent membrane pore formation","volume":"9","author":"Kandel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00153","article-title":"Algal polysaccharides as therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121030","article-title":"Increased tau phosphorylation and impaired brain insulin\/IGF signaling in mice fed a high fat\/high cholesterol diet","volume":"36","author":"Bhat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.04.006","article-title":"Exercise reduces diet-induced cognitive decline and increases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in CA3 neurons","volume":"114","author":"Noble","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.022","article-title":"High-fat diet aggravates amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in the 3xTg-AD mouse model","volume":"31","author":"Julien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.08.007","article-title":"\u03b2-Amyloid-induced cognitive dysfunction impairs glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin resistance and decreasing \u03b2-cell mass in non-diabetic and diabetic rats","volume":"62","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.09.010","article-title":"The combination of luteolin and l-theanine improved Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like symptoms by potentiating hippocampal insulin signaling and decreasing neuroinflammation and norepinephrine degradation in amyloid-\u03b2-infused rats","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.173401","article-title":"Yuzu extract prevents cognitive decline and impaired glucose homeostasis in \u03b2-amyloid-infused rats","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03519-3","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Arginase Inhibition with Norvaline on Tau Pathology and Brain Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mice","volume":"47","author":"Polis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1159\/000197974","article-title":"Long-term intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin, but not glucose, modulates body weight and hepatic insulin sensitivity by modifying the hypothalamic insulin signaling pathway in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"89","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3089","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3089","article-title":"Use of Gas Chromatography to Quantify Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Serum, Colonic Luminal Content and Feces of mice","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Qiu, J., Wu, X., Huang, S., Yuan, H., and Park, S.J.P. (2020). Schizonepeta Tenuifolia with Alpinia Oxyphylla Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Improves the Gut Microbiome in Nc\/Nga Mice. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080722"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108769","article-title":"Chungkookjang, a soy food, fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens protects gerbils against ishcmeic stroke injury, and post-stroke hyperglycemia","volume":"128","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avitan, I., Halperin, Y., Saha, T., Bloch, N., Atrahimovich, D., Polis, B., Samson, A.O., and Braitbard, O. (2021). Towards a Consensus on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Comorbidity?. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194360"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T., Ta, Q.T.H., Nguyen, T.K.O., Nguyen, T.T.D., and Van Giau, V. (2020). Type 3 Diabetes and Its Role Implications in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093165"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016","article-title":"Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits","volume":"156","author":"Goncalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.19-87","article-title":"Ketone production by ketogenic diet and by intermittent fasting has different effects on the gut microbiota and disease progression in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease rat model","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.03.021","article-title":"Central infusion of leptin improves insulin resistance and suppresses beta-cell function, but not beta-cell mass, primarily through the sympathetic nervous system in a type 2 diabetic rat model","volume":"86","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0687-y","article-title":"Fermenting soybeans with Bacillus licheniformis potentiates their capacity to improve cognitive function and glucose homeostaisis in diabetic rats with experimental Alzheimer\u2019s type dementia","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-015-0005-6","article-title":"Red peppers with moderate and severe pungency prevent the memory deficit and hepatic insulin resistance in diabetic rats with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, N.G., Saxena, J., Pesaresi, T.G., Carrell, C.D., Ashby, G.B., Liao, M.-K., and Freeman, L.R. (2019). High fat diet alters gut microbiota but not spatial working memory in early middle-aged Sprague Dawley rats. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217553"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215299","article-title":"High Fat Diet Mediates Amyloid-\u03b2 Cleaving Enzyme 1 Phosphorylation and SUMOylation, Enhancing Cognitive Impairment in APP\/PS1 Mice","volume":"85","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01694E","article-title":"Acer okamotoanum and isoquercitrin improve cognitive function via attenuation of oxidative stress in high fat diet- and amyloid beta-induced mice","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00465-0","article-title":"Extracellular protein components of amyloid plaques and their roles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"16","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mietelska-Porowska, A., Doma\u0144ska, J., Want, A., Wi\u0119ckowska-Gacek, A., Chutora\u0144ski, D., Koperski, M., and Wojda, U. (2022). Induction of Brain Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer\u2019s Molecular Changes by Western Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094744"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805046","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.805046","article-title":"Pathological Human Tau Induces Alterations in the Brain Insulin Signaling Cascade","volume":"16","author":"Alonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nafady, M.H., Sayed, Z.S., Abdelkawy, D.A., Shebl, M.E., Elsayed, R.A., Ashraf, G.M., Perveen, A., Attia, M.S., and Bahbah, E.I. (2022). The Effect of Gut Microbe Dysbiosis on the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD) and related conditions. Curr. Alzheimer Res.","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205019666220419101205"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200306","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Lipopolysaccharide as Mediators Between Gut Dysbiosis and Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"78","author":"Marizzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02807","article-title":"Anti-neuroinflammatory Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Upregulating GPR41 and Inhibiting ERK\/JNK\/NF-\u03baB","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarubbo, F., Cavallucci, V., and Pani, G. (2022). The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Neurogenesis: Evidence and Hopes. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030382"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100318","article-title":"Microbially-derived short-chain fatty acids impact astrocyte gene expression in a sex-specific manner","volume":"16","author":"Spichak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00279-0","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its pharmaceutical potential","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2550-9","article-title":"Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: Deciphering the gut brain axis","volume":"74","author":"Westfall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2020.100221","article-title":"Revisit the effects of fucoidan on gut microbiota in health and disease: What do we know and what do we need to know?","volume":"23","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borsani, B., De Santis, R., Perico, V., Penagini, F., Pendezza, E., Dilillo, D., Bosetti, A., Zuccotti, G.V., and D\u2019Auria, E. (2021). The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103402"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/15\/2301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:57:03Z","timestamp":1760140623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/15\/2301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11152301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11152301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}