{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1776684876065,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Chronic Fatigue Center (CFC) of the Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A proportion of COVID-19 reconvalescent patients develop post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) including a subgroup fulfilling diagnostic criteria of Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (PCS\/CFS). Recently, endothelial dysfunction (ED) has been demonstrated in these patients, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the effects of patients\u2019 sera on endothelia cells (ECs) in vitro. PCS (n = 17), PCS\/CFS (n = 13), and healthy controls (HC, n = 14) were screened for serum anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies (AECAs) and dysregulated cytokines. Serum-treated ECs were analysed for the induction of activation markers and the release of small molecules by flow cytometry. Moreover, the angiogenic potential of sera was measured in a tube formation assay. While only marginal differences between patient groups were observed for serum cytokines, AECA binding to ECs was significantly increased in PCS\/CFS patients. Surprisingly, PCS and PCS\/CFS sera reduced surface levels of several EC activation markers. PCS sera enhanced the release of molecules associated with vascular remodelling and significantly promoted angiogenesis in vitro compared to the PCS\/CFS and HC groups. Additionally, sera from both patient cohorts induced the release of molecules involved in inhibition of nitric oxide-mediated endothelial relaxation. Overall, PCS and PCS\/CFS patients\u2032 sera differed in their AECA content and their functional effects on ECs, i.e., secretion profiles and angiogenic potential. We hypothesise a pro-angiogenic effect of PCS sera as a compensatory mechanism to ED which is absent in PCS\/CFS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:41:37Z","timestamp":1659476497000},"page":"2376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Serum of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Patients with or without ME\/CFS Differentially Affects Endothelial Cell Function In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Flaskamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Roubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1593-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Sotzny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9361-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Kedor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Scheibenbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6372-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"BCRT-Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacul, L., Authier, F.J., Scheibenbogen, C., Lorusso, L., Helland, I.B., Martin, J.A., Sirbu, C.A., Mengshoel, A.M., Polo, O., and Behrends, U. 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