{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:22:13Z","timestamp":1770754933126,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA052263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA052263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cocaine use increases the neurotoxic severity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection and the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Among the studied cellular mechanisms promoting neurotoxicity in HIV-1 and cocaine use, central nervous system (CNS) immunity, such as neuroimmune signaling and reduced antiviral activity, are risk determinants; however, concrete evidence remains elusive. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that cocaine self-administration by transgenic HIV-1 (HIV-1Tg) rats promotes CNS inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we measured cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor protein levels in the frontal cortex (fCTX) and caudal striatum (cSTR). Our results demonstrated that cocaine self-administration significantly increased fCTX inflammation in HIV-1Tg rats, but not in the cSTR. Accordingly, we postulate that cocaine synergizes with HIV-1 proteins to increase neuroinflammation in a region-selective manner, including the fCTX. Given the fCTX role in cognition, this interaction may contribute to the hyperimmunity and reduced antiviral activity associated with cocaine-mediated enhancement of HAND.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"2405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cocaine Self-Administration Influences Central Nervous System Immune Responses in Male HIV-1 Transgenic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chiomah","family":"Ezeomah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 402 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanida","family":"Fongsaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"NeuroInfectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Persons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Celeste","family":"Napier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma E.","family":"Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"NeuroInfectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas\u2212Celis, V., Valiente\u2212Echeverr\u00eda, F., Soto\u2212Rifo, R., and Toro\u2212Ascuy, D. (2019). New challenges of HIV\u22121 infection: How HIV\u22121 attacks and resides in the central nervous system. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101245"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00362","article-title":"Microglial cells: The main HIV\u22121 reservoir in the brain","volume":"9","author":"Wallet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, A.B., and Kaul, M. (2017). Neuronal stress and injury caused by HIV\u22121, cART and drug abuse: Converging contributions to HAND. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7030025"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.135863","article-title":"HIV\u22121 and drug abuse comorbidity: Lessons learned from the animal models of NeuroHIV","volume":"754","author":"Sil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1993.10472272","article-title":"Entangled Epidemics: Cocaine Use and HIV Disease","volume":"25","author":"Larrat","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.108","article-title":"HIV seroprevalence among street\u2212recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities","volume":"88","author":"Kral","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000221678.06822.8b","article-title":"HIV seroincidence estimates among at\u2212risk populations in Buenos Aires and Montevideo: Use of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion","volume":"42","author":"Vignoles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.81","article-title":"Cocaine potentiates HIV\u22121 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures. Involvement of transforming growth factor\u2212beta","volume":"146","author":"Peterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.2.676","article-title":"Cocaine amplifies HIV\u22121 replication in cytomegalovirus\u2212stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures","volume":"149","author":"Peterson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199902040-00014","article-title":"A prospective study of HIV disease progression in female and male drug users","volume":"13","author":"Webber","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X14666160324125158","article-title":"Multiple faceted roles of cocaine in potentiation of HAND","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamat, A., Misra, V., Cassol, E., Ancuta, P., Yan, Z., Li, C., Morgello, S., and Gabuzda, D. (2012). A Plasma biomarker signature of immune activation in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030881"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1086\/649430","article-title":"Immunologic and virologic events in early HIV infection predict subsequent rate of progression","volume":"201","author":"Ganesan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/524143","article-title":"Relationship between T cell activation and CD4+T cell count in HIV-seropositive individuals with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy","volume":"197","author":"Hunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666200712174642","article-title":"The effect of antiretroviral therapy on IL\u22126, IL\u22121\u03b2, TNF\u2212\u03b1, IFN\u2212\u03b3 levels and their relationship with HIV\u2212RNA and CD4+ T cells in HIV patients","volume":"18","author":"Okay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280903131915","article-title":"Cliniconeuropathologic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus in the era of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"15","author":"Everall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01657.x","article-title":"Role of the pro\u2212inflammatory cytokines TNF\u2212alpha and IL\u22121beta in HIV\u2212associated dementia","volume":"36","author":"Brabers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00160-9","article-title":"Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in neurological tissue from HIV\u2212infected patients by combined reverse transcriptase\/polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry","volume":"74","author":"Wesselingh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17098","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.24.17098","article-title":"Transient exposure to HIV\u22121 Tat protein results in cytokine production in macrophages and astrocytes","volume":"274","author":"Nath","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.5.2953","article-title":"HIV\u22121 Tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein\u22121\u2212mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood\u2212brain barrier and up\u2212regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes","volume":"163","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21720","article-title":"Mechanism of HIV\u22121\u2212TAT induction of interleukin\u22121beta from human monocytes: Involvement of the phospholipase C\/protein kinase C signaling cascade","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiebala, M., Polesskaya, O., Yao, Z., Perry, S.W., and Maggirwar, S.B. (2010). Nuclear factor\u2212kappa B family member RelB inhibits human immunodeficiency virus\u22121 Tat\u2212induced tumor necrosis factor\u2212alpha production. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011875"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiebala, M., and Maggirwar, S.B. (2011). Ibudilast, a pharmacologic phosphodiesterase inhibitor, prevents human immunodeficiency virus\u22121 Tat\u2212mediated activation of microglial cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018633"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-131","article-title":"HIV\u22121 Tat C\u2212mediated regulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor\u2212associated factor\u22123 by microRNA 32 in human microglia","volume":"9","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.10.034","article-title":"Decreased brain dopamine cell numbers in human cocaine users","volume":"168","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.024","article-title":"Cocaine abuse and effects in the serum levels of cytokines IL\u22126 and IL\u221210","volume":"158","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.177","article-title":"DAT isn\u2019t all that: Cocaine reward and reinforcement require Toll\u2212like receptor 4 signaling","volume":"20","author":"Northcutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.05.039","article-title":"Why is neuroimmunopharmacology crucial for the future of addiction research?","volume":"76","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504438102","article-title":"Gene expression evidence for remodeling of lateral hypothalamic circuitry in cocaine addiction","volume":"102","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.032","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 5 epigenetically controls behavioral adaptations to chronic emotional stimuli","volume":"56","author":"Renthal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R48","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-5-r48","article-title":"The dissection of transcriptional modules regulated by various drugs of abuse in the mouse striatum","volume":"11","author":"Piechota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A0714-356R","article-title":"Cocaine modulates HIV\u22121 integration in primary CD4+T cells: Implications in HIV\u22121 pathogenesis in drug\u2212abusing patients","volume":"97","author":"Addai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1112566","article-title":"Cocaine exposure enhances permissiveness of quiescent T cells to HIV infection","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantri, C.K., Dash, J.P., Mantri, J.V., and Dash, C. (2018). Correction: Cocaine enhances HIV\u22121 replication in CD4+ T cells by down\u2212regulating MiR\u2212125b. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199338"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.96-100.2000","article-title":"Cocaine differentially modulates chemokine production by mononuclear cells from normal donors and human immunodeficiency virus type 1\u2212infected patients","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napuri, J., Pilakka\u2212Kanthikeel, S., Raymond, A., Agudelo, M., Yndart\u2212Arias, A., Saxena, S.K., and Nair, M. (2013). Cocaine enhances HIV\u22121 infectivity in monocyte derived dendritic cells by suppressing microRNA. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083682"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.09.034","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the effects of cocaine on the enhancement of HIV\u22121 replication in normal human astrocytes (NHA)","volume":"1123","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0501-2","article-title":"Cocaine\u2212mediated induction of microglial activation involves the ER stress\u2212TLR2 axis","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1052205","article-title":"Cocaine\u2212mediated microglial activation involves the ER stress\u2212autophagy axis","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yao, H., Lu, Y., Wang, C., and Buch, S. (2010). Cocaine potentiates astrocyte toxicity mediated by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV\u22121) protein gp. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013427"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280902755375","article-title":"Cocaine and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 mediate neurotoxicity through overlapping signaling pathways","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-011-0026-5","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B and C gp120 differentially induce neurotoxin arachidonic acid in human astrocytes: Implications for neuroAIDS","volume":"17","author":"Samikkannu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.134","article-title":"Latest trends in drugs of abuse \u2013 HIV infection and neuroAIDS","volume":"8","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Futur. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24577","article-title":"Different roles of frontal versus striatal atrophy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","volume":"40","author":"Israel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290613","article-title":"Neocortical damage during HIV infection","volume":"29","author":"Wiley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0626-1","article-title":"HIV\u2212induced chorea: Evidence for basal ganglia dysregulation by SPECT","volume":"252","author":"Sporer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh269","article-title":"Decreased brain dopaminergic transporters in HIV\u2212associated dementia patients","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-010-0003-4","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the CNS and decreased dopamine availability: Relationship with neuropsychological performance","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.09.014","article-title":"The HIV\u22121 transgenic rat as a model for HIV\u22121 infected individuals on HAART","volume":"218","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9594-0","article-title":"Increased sensitivity to cocaine self\u2212administration in HIV\u22121 transgenic rats is associated with changes in striatal dopamine transporter binding","volume":"10","author":"McIntosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.366","article-title":"HIV\u22121 transgenic rat prefrontal cortex hyper\u2212excitability is enhanced by cocaine self\u2212administration","volume":"41","author":"Wayman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867322666150311164504","article-title":"Cortical consequences of HIV\u22121 Tat exposure in rats are enhanced by chronic cocaine","volume":"13","author":"Wayman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.003","article-title":"Fentanyl self\u2212administration impacts brain immune responses in male Sprague\u2212Dawley rats","volume":"87","author":"Ezeomah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persons, A.L., Bradaric, B., Dodiya, H.B., Ohene\u2212Nyako, M., Forsyth, C.B., Keshavarzian, A., Shaikh, M., and Napier, T.C. (2018). Colon dysregulation in methamphetamine self\u2212administering HIV\u22121 transgenic rats. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190078"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802232996","article-title":"Further characterization of the spatial learning deficit in the human immunodeficiency virus\u22121 transgenic rat","volume":"15","author":"Lashomb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9539-z","article-title":"Modeling deficits in attention, inhibition, and flexibility in HAND","volume":"9","author":"Moran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.02.020","article-title":"The HIV\u22121 transgenic rat model of neuroHIV","volume":"48","author":"Vigorito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703249","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1703249","article-title":"Neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles are enriched in the brain and serum of HIV-1 transgenic rats","volume":"9","author":"Dagur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20486","article-title":"NeuroAIDS: Contributions of the human immunodeficiency virus\u22121 proteins tat and gp120 as well as CD40 to microglial activation","volume":"81","author":"Eugenin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-26","article-title":"Gene expression changes consistent with neuroAIDS and impaired working memory in HIV\u22121 transgenic rats","volume":"9","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, C.L., Glasper, E.R., Harrell, C.S., Malviya, S.A., Otis, J.S., and Neigh, G.N. (2014). Meloxicam blocks neuroinflammation, but not depressive\u2212like behaviors, in HIV\u22121 transgenic female rats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108399"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.022","article-title":"Characterization of neuropathology in the HIV\u22121 transgenic rat at different ages","volume":"292","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0390-9","article-title":"Lack of neuroinflammation in the HIV\u22121 transgenic rat: An [18F]\u2212DPA714 PET imaging study","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01111","article-title":"Impact of cocaine abuse on HIV pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.01.008","article-title":"Implications of central immune signaling caused by drugs of abuse: Mechanisms, mediators and new therapeutic approaches for prediction and treatment of drug dependence","volume":"134","author":"Coller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214537747","article-title":"Systems\u2212level view of cocaine addiction: The interconnection of the immune and nervous systems","volume":"239","author":"Marasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1828439","article-title":"Plasma pro\u2212 and anti\u2212inflammatory cytokines may relate to cocaine use, cognitive functioning, and depressive symptoms in cocaine use disorder","volume":"47","author":"Stamatovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.06.023","article-title":"Plasma interleukin\u22126 and executive function in crack cocaine\u2212dependent women","volume":"628","author":"Levandowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1251","article-title":"Immune system inflammation in cocaine dependent individuals: Implications for medications development","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.08.012","article-title":"Innate immune signaling in the ventral tegmental area contributes to drug\u2212primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking","volume":"67","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain, Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14123","article-title":"Cocaine self-administration is increased after frontal traumatic brain injury and associated with neuroinflammation","volume":"50","author":"Haar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0204-8","article-title":"HIV\u2212related cognitive impairment shows bi\u2212directional association with dopamine receptor DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in substance\u2212dependent and substance\u2212independent populations","volume":"19","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e3182527690","article-title":"The impact of inflammation on cognitive function in older adults: Implications for healthcare practice and research","volume":"44","author":"Sartori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Nurs."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/15\/2405\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:06Z","timestamp":1760141046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/15\/2405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11152405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11152405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}