{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:46:49Z","timestamp":1768927609370,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Valve leaflets and chordae structurally normal characterize functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), which in heart failure (HF) setting results from an imbalance between closing and tethering forces secondary to alterations in the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium geometry. In this context, FMR impacts the quality of life and increases mortality. Despite multiple medical and surgical attempts to treat FMR, to date, there is no univocal treatment for many patients. The pathophysiology of FMR is highly complex and involves several underlying mechanisms. Left ventricle dyssynchrony may contribute to FMR onset and worsening and represents an important target for FMR management. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms of FMR and review the potential therapeutic role of CRT, providing a comprehensive review of the available data coming from clinical studies and trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"2407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Role of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for the Management of Functional Mitral Regurgitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Disease, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Cassese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Braccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6830-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Carella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Department, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Compagnucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital \u201dUmberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Dello Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital \u201dUmberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Hospital \u201cUmberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60692-9","article-title":"Mitral regurgitation","volume":"373","author":"Akins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.3.827","article-title":"Clinical significance of mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Investigators","volume":"96","author":"Lamas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab086","article-title":"The management of secondary mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure: A joint position statement from the Heart Failure Association (HFA). European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). And European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Coats","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000151097.30779.04","article-title":"Heart failure and death after myocardial infarction in the community: The emerging role of mitral regurgitation","volume":"111","author":"Bursi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.13.1759","article-title":"Ischemic mitral regurgitation: Long-term implications and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment","volume":"103","author":"Grigioni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.10.096","article-title":"Non-ischemic dilated cardiopathy: Prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation","volume":"146","author":"Agricola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2011.225789","article-title":"Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"97","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00313-7","article-title":"Progression of mitral regurgitation: A prospective Doppler echocardiographic study","volume":"34","author":"Basmadjian","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000175942","article-title":"The hemodynamic and prognostic significance of echo-Doppler-proven mitral regurgitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"83","author":"Junker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-4-36","article-title":"Surgery of secondary mitral insufficiency in patients with impaired left ventricular function","volume":"4","author":"Rukosujew","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinciguerra, M., Grigioni, F., Romiti, S., Benfari, G., Rose, D., Spadaccio, C., Cimino, S., De Bellis, A., and Greco, E. (2021). Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: A Multifaceted Syndrome with Evolving Therapies. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050447"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103223441202","article-title":"Multisite Stimulation in Cardiomyopathies (MUSTIC) Study Investigators. Effect of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay","volume":"344","author":"Cazeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050496","article-title":"Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure","volume":"352","author":"Cleland","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.12.1400","article-title":"Determinants of the degree of functional mitral re- gurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dys- function: A quantitative clinical study","volume":"102","author":"You","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.6.1999","article-title":"Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation: Direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry","volume":"96","author":"Otsuji","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.04.002","article-title":"Determinants of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"42","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025260","article-title":"Exercise Dynamics in Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"135","author":"Bertrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.11.087","article-title":"Dynamic ventricular dyssynchrony: An exercise-echocardiography study","volume":"47","author":"Lafitte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi418","article-title":"Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: Exercise testing reveals its dynamic component","volume":"26","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)01354-7","article-title":"The effect of regional ischemia on mitral valve annular saddle shape","volume":"77","author":"Gorman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.11.048","article-title":"Quantitation of mitral valve tenting in ischemic mitral regurgitation by transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"45","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01838-7","article-title":"Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: Comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"39","author":"Otsuji","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2003.80","article-title":"Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in the ovine heart: Mitral annular dynamic three-dimensional geometry","volume":"125","author":"Timek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"385","article-title":"Does left atrial enlargement contribute to mitral leaflet tethering in patients with functional mitral regurgitation? Proposed role of atriogenic leaflet tethering","volume":"23","author":"Silbiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.04.019","article-title":"Mitral valve stiffening in end-stage heart failure: Evidence of an organic contribution to functional mitral regurgitation","volume":"130","author":"Barber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.06.079","article-title":"Apparently normal mitral valves in patients with heart failure demonstrate biochemical and structural derangements: An extracellular matrix and echocardiographic study","volume":"45","author":"Borowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"127","article-title":"Structural alterations in heart valves during left ventricular pressure overload in the rat","volume":"71","author":"Willems","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab. Investig. A J. Tech. Methods Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"326","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the mitral valve","volume":"2","author":"Kunzelman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R59","DOI":"10.1530\/VB-19-0031","article-title":"Oscillatory fluid-induced mechanobiology in heart valves with parallels to the vasculature","volume":"2","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844159","article-title":"Significant changes in mitral valve leaflet matrix composition and turnover with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"120","author":"Stephens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(98)01106-0","article-title":"Altered collagen concentration in mitral valve leaflets: Biochemical and finite element analysis","volume":"66","author":"Kunzelman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.6.1826","article-title":"Integrated mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation: Leaflet restriction versus coapting force: In vitro studies","volume":"96","author":"He","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90811-M","article-title":"Diastolic mitral regurgitation with atrioventricular conduction abnormalities: Relation of mitral flow velocity to transmitral pressure gradients in conscious dogs","volume":"18","author":"Appleton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev352","article-title":"Echocardiographic Study Group of the Italian Society of Cardiology (SIC). Role of cardiac dyssynchrony and resynchronization therapy in functional mitral regurgitation","volume":"17","author":"Spartera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"561","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease: Developed by the Task Force for the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"14","author":"Vahanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02937-6","article-title":"Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure","volume":"41","author":"Breithardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euje.2005.03.008","article-title":"Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the mechanisms underlying functional mitral regurgitation in congestive heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Porciani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-013-9812-8","article-title":"Acute changes in electromechanical parameters during different pacing configurations using a quadripolar left ventricular lead","volume":"38","author":"Valzania","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-15-0932","article-title":"Outcome of Patients Treated by Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Using a Quadripolar Left Ventricular Lead","volume":"80","author":"Bencardino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.01.010","article-title":"Dependency of cardiac resynchronization therapy on myocardial viability at the LV lead position","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.04.022","article-title":"Improved papillary muscle function attenuates functional mitral regurgitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy after cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"19","author":"Karvounis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.118356","article-title":"Predictors of reduction in mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronisation treatment","volume":"94","author":"Naqvi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.823732","article-title":"Mechanism of decrease in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: Optimization of the force-balance relationship","volume":"2","author":"Solis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14844","article-title":"Left ventricle and mitral valve reverse remodeling in response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in nonischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"37","author":"Mihos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2007.00872.x","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy response is associated with shorter duration of atrial fibrillation","volume":"30","author":"Lellouche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pacing. Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.07.036","article-title":"A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: Insights from mechanical activation strain mapping","volume":"44","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065226.24159.E9","article-title":"Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure","volume":"107","author":"Plappert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01932-0","article-title":"Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: Results from the MUltisite STimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study","volume":"40","author":"Linde","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.07.012","article-title":"Impact of atrial fibrillation on improvement of functional mitral regurgitation in cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"15","author":"Vo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jep184","article-title":"Persistence of secondary mitral regurgitation and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"11","author":"Alzueta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.111.966580","article-title":"Impact of mitral regurgitation on reverse remodeling and outcome in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"5","author":"Verhaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009803","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy as a therapeutic option in patients with moderate-severe functional mitral regurgitation and high operative risk","volume":"124","author":"Marsan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.007","article-title":"American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC\/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons","volume":"52","author":"Bonow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur047","article-title":"Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the severity of mitral regurgitation","volume":"13","author":"Auricchio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.010","article-title":"Relationship of Mechanical Dyssynchrony and LV Remodeling with Improvement of Mitral Regurgitation After CRT","volume":"15","author":"Michalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa062","article-title":"Conceiving Mitra Clip as a tool: Percutaneous edge-to-edge repair in complex mitral valve anatomies","volume":"21","author":"Gavazzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805374","article-title":"MITRA-FR Investigators. Percutaneous Repair or Medical Treatment for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"379","author":"Obadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806640","article-title":"COAPT Investigators. Transcatheter Mitral-Valve Repair in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"379","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955039","article-title":"MADIT-CRT Investigators. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on reverse remodeling and relation to outcome: Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial: Cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"122","author":"Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.569","article-title":"Italian ClinicalService Project Investigators. Prognostic implications of mitral regurgitation in patients after cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"18","author":"Cipriani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.04.001","article-title":"Native Electrocardiographic QRS Duration after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The Impact on Clinical Outcomes and Prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Karaca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"557","article-title":"Early Improvement in Mitral Regurgitation after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Cardiomyopathy Patients","volume":"26","author":"Sadeghian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2008.00823.x","article-title":"Reduction in mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization treatment: Assessment of predictors by two-dimensional radial strain echocardiography","volume":"26","author":"Goland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03404-5","article-title":"Predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"91","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2009.00962.x","article-title":"Usefulness and limitation of dobutamine stress echocardiography to predict acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"27","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000112","article-title":"Mechanistic features associated with improvement in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy and their relation to long-term patient outcome","volume":"6","author":"Onishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/15\/2407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:06Z","timestamp":1760141046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/15\/2407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11152407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11152407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}