{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:54:14Z","timestamp":1778961254027,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cSapienza University of Rome, Progetto Ateneo\u201d to L.T and M.T.F.","award":["MFAG 20447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG 20447"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFISM\u2014Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla\u2014FISM 2020-R-Single\/001\u201d to L.T.","award":["MFAG 20447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG 20447"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007076","name":"AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) to A.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MFAG 20447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG 20447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cCeschina Foundation\u201d to M.T.F.","award":["MFAG 20447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG 20447"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare hyperinflammatory disease occurring several weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical similarities between MIS-C and the toxic shock syndrome, together with the preferential expansion of T cells with a T-cell receptor variable \u03b2 chain (TCRV\u03b2) skewing, suggested a superantigen theory of MIS-C. For instance, recent in silico modelling evidenced the presence of a highly conserved motif within SARS-CoV-2 spike protein similar in structure to the superantigenic fragment of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). However, experimental data on the superantigenic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike have not yet been provided. Here, we assessed the superantigenic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike by analysing inflammatory cytokine production in both Jurkat cells and the peripheral blood CD4+ T cells stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike or SEB as a control. We found that, unlike SEB, the SARS-CoV-2 spike does not exhibit an intrinsic superantigen-like activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1660597088000},"page":"2526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Spike Does Not Possess Intrinsic Superantigen-like Inflammatory Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carola","family":"Amormino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Tedeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Paldino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Arcieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9078-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Paiardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences \u201cA. Rossi Fanelli\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta","family":"Tuosto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Kunkl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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