{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:38:15Z","timestamp":1790660295354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":273,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoids (CBs) are used to treat chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and multiple sclerosis spasticity. Recently, the medicinal use of CBs has attracted increasing interest as a new therapeutic in many diseases. Data indicate a correlation between CBs and PPARs via diverse mechanisms. Both the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may play a significant role in PCOS and PCOS related disorders, especially in disturbances of glucose-lipid metabolism as well as in obesity and fertility. Taking into consideration the ubiquity of PCOS in the human population, it seems indispensable to search for new potential therapeutic targets for this condition. The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between metabolic disturbances and obesity in PCOS pathology. We discuss current and future therapeutic interventions for PCOS and related disorders, with emphasis on the metabolic pathways related to PCOS pathophysiology. The link between the ECS and PPARs is a promising new target for PCOS, and we examine this relationship in depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"2569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cannabinoids and PPAR Ligands: The Future in Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women with Obesity and Reduced Fertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Przybycie\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0936-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"G\u0105sior-Perczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Placha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). Women\u2019s Reproductive Health|CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/womensrh\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1290","article-title":"Does High Body Mass Index Increase the Risk of Miscarriage after Spontaneous and Assisted Conception? A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence","volume":"90","author":"Metwally","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2725","article-title":"Abdominal Fat Quantity and Distribution in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Extent of Its Relation to Insulin Resistance","volume":"92","author":"Carmina","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12008","article-title":"Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Panidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1834","article-title":"Impact of Obesity on the Risk for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Yildiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) and Diabetes|CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/pcos.html."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rasquin Leon, L.I., Anastasopoulou, C., and Mayrin, J.V. (2022). Polycystic Ovarian Disease, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2000). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation, WHO."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00041-2","article-title":"Invertebrate Molecular Neuroimmune Processes","volume":"34","author":"Salzet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.05.010","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), Their Distribution, Ligands and Functional Involvement in Nervous System Structures\u2014A Short Review","volume":"90","author":"Svizenska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2303","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of Chronic Cannabis Smoking","volume":"36","author":"Muniyappa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00563.1991","article-title":"Characterization and Localization of Cannabinoid Receptors in Rat Brain: A Quantitative in Vitro Autoradiographic Study","volume":"11","author":"Herkenham","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, B.M., and Rebelo, I. (2021). Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Reproduction and Fertility: Where We Stand. Reprod. Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00588-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-015-0553-8","article-title":"Marijuana, Phytocannabinoids, the Endocannabinoid System, and Male Fertility","volume":"32","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Talatini, M.R., Taylor, A.H., Elson, J.C., Brown, L., Davidson, A.C., and Konje, J.C. (2009). Localisation and Function of the Endocannabinoid System in the Human Ovary. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004579"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne, A.W., Phillips, J.A., Kane, N., Lourenco, P.C., McDonald, S.E., Williams, A.R.W., Simon, C., Dey, S.K., and Critchley, H.O.D. (2008). CB1 Expression Is Attenuated in Fallopian Tube and Decidua of Women with Ectopic Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003969"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-010-0695-9","article-title":"Histomorphometric Evaluation of Cannabinoid Receptor and Anandamide Modulating Enzyme Expression in the Human Endometrium through the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"133","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01425.x","article-title":"Characterization of the Endocannabinoid System, CB(1) Receptor Signalling and Desensitization in Human Myometrium","volume":"164","author":"Brighton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm018","article-title":"The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Gametogenesis, Implantation and Early Pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/14647270701429879","article-title":"Regulation of Female Fertility by the Endocannabinoid System","volume":"10","author":"Battista","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01684.x","article-title":"Interplay between Endocannabinoids, Steroids and Cytokines in the Control of Human Reproduction","volume":"20","author":"Battista","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.018","article-title":"The Influence of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) Ligands on Cancer Cell Tumorigenicity","volume":"649","author":"Yousefnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i8.2441","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors at the Crossroad of Obesity, Diabetes, and Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Polvani","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrales, P., Vidal-Puig, A., and Medina-Gomez, G. (2018). PPARs and Metabolic Disorders Associated with Challenged Adipose Tissue Plasticity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072124"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-005-0066-4","article-title":"Rimonabant: A Novel Treatment for Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Houri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004). Revised 2003 Consensus on Diagnostic Criteria and Long-Term Health Risks Related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 81, 19\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004","article-title":"Recommendations from the International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Teede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2012). Evidence-Based Methodology Workshop on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. December 3\u20135, 2012. Executive Summary. Final Report, National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_30_19","article-title":"Comparison of the Different PCOS Phenotypes Based on Clinical Metabolic, and Hormonal Profile, and Their Response to Clomiphene","volume":"23","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0200-7","article-title":"Prevalence and Impact of Hyperandrogenemia in 1218 Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Livadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1104","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Hypothesis of PCOS as Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism Revisited","volume":"37","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16205","article-title":"The Role of Androgen and Its Related Signals in PCOS","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2248","article-title":"Determinants of Abnormal Gonadotropin Secretion in Clinically Defined Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Scotf, J.R., Gibbs, R.S., Karlan, B.Y., and Haney, A.F. (2003). Danforth\u2019s Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"538","article-title":"Animal Models to Understand the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0239","article-title":"Adrenal Hyperandrogenism Does Not Deteriorate Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile in Women with PCOS","volume":"6","author":"Paschou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"165","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Prospective, Controlled Study in 254 Affected Women","volume":"84","author":"Legro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017","article-title":"Obesity and Female Infertility: Potential Mediators of Obesity\u2019s Impact","volume":"107","author":"Broughton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.12.003","article-title":"Metabolic Risk in PCOS: Phenotype and Adiposity Impact","volume":"26","author":"Moran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Revisited: An Update on Mechanisms and Implications","volume":"33","author":"Dunaif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1329","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02376.x","article-title":"The Relationship of Insulin Insensitivity to Menstrual Pattern in Women with Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic Ovaries","volume":"39","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det383","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Relevance in Female Reproduction","volume":"29","author":"Merhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00948-2","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Dyslipidemia in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Legro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.012","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Cerda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2076","article-title":"Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone as a Surrogate for Antral Follicle Count for Definition of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Pigny","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.12.024","article-title":"The Degree of Cycle Irregularity Correlates with the Grade of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in PCOS Patients","volume":"149","author":"Strowitzki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016). Trends in Adult Body-Mass Index in 200 Countries from 1975 to 2014: A Pooled Analysis of 1698 Population-Based Measurement Studies with 19.2 Million Participants. Lancet, 387, 1377\u20131396.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.08.012","article-title":"The Complex Interaction between Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Reproductive Axis: A Narrative Review","volume":"62","author":"Michalakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.05762","article-title":"Androgen Generation in Adipose Tissue in Women with Simple Obesity\u2014A Site-Specific Role for 17beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 5","volume":"183","author":"Quinkler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2063","article-title":"Correlates of Circulating Androgens in Mid-Life Women: The Study of Women\u2019s Health across the Nation","volume":"90","author":"Santoro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Freeman, A.M., and Pennings, N. (2022). Insulin Resistance, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Leptin Antagonizes the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Augmentation of Steroidogenesis in Granulosa and Theca Cells of the Human Ovary","volume":"84","author":"Agarwal","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16171","article-title":"Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors among Young Infertile Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"127","author":"Mulder","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab181","article-title":"Is Fertility Reduced in Ovulatory Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? An Opinion Paper","volume":"36","author":"Palomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det250","article-title":"Macroscopic and Microscopic Findings of the Placenta in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Palomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.11.008","article-title":"Oocyte Competence in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Palomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa051","article-title":"Endometrial Function in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"27","author":"Palomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788772","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.788772","article-title":"Research Progress on the Mechanism between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Abnormal Endometrium","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv029","article-title":"Pregnancy Complications in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Palomba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0030","article-title":"Evidence-Based and Potential Benefits of Metformin in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"30","author":"Palomba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.10.043","article-title":"Pregnancy in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Effect of Different Phenotypes and Features on Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes","volume":"94","author":"Palomba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and Structure of a Brain Constituent That Binds to the Cannabinoid Receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2437","article-title":"2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A Possible Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptor Ligand in Brain","volume":"215","author":"Sugiura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.002","article-title":"Endogenous Cannabinoids Revisited: A Biochemistry Perspective","volume":"102\u2013103","author":"Fonseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02398-8","article-title":"Endocannabinoids, Endocannabinoid-like Molecules and Their Precursors in Human Small Intestinal Lumen and Plasma: Does Diet Affect Them?","volume":"60","author":"Tagliamonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.05.020","article-title":"Multiple Pathways Involved in the Biosynthesis of Anandamide","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306642200","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of a Phospholipase D Generating Anandamide and Its Congeners","volume":"279","author":"Okamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562333","article-title":"Formation of N-Acyl-Phosphatidylethanolamine and N-Acylethanolamine (Including Anandamide) during Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity","volume":"34","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9341","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707807200","article-title":"Anandamide Biosynthesis Catalyzed by the Phosphodiesterase GDE1 and Detection of Glycerophospho-N-Acyl Ethanolamine Precursors in Mouse Brain","volume":"283","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90486-G","article-title":"Enzymatic Synthesis and Degradation of Anandamide, a Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist","volume":"46","author":"Deutsch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2002799","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Oxygenation by Cyclooxygenases, Lipoxygenases, and Cytochromes P450: Cross-Talk between the Eicosanoid and Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathways","volume":"111","author":"Rouzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5821","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2002992","article-title":"Enzymes of the Cyclooxygenase Pathways of Prostanoid Biosynthesis","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2006.03.003","article-title":"Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Physiology of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptor Ligand","volume":"45","author":"Sugiura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.65.4.999","article-title":"Cultured Rat Microglial Cells Synthesize the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonylglycerol, Which Increases Proliferation via a CB2 Receptor-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"65","author":"Carrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0722113.x","article-title":"Phosphatidic Acid as the Biosynthetic Precursor of the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Intact Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells Stimulated with Ionomycin","volume":"72","author":"Bisogno","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18488","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413260200","article-title":"Evidence for the Involvement of the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor and Its Endogenous Ligand 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Induced Acute Inflammation in Mouse Ear","volume":"280","author":"Oka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200305129","article-title":"Cloning of the First Sn1-DAG Lipases Points to the Spatial and Temporal Regulation of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Brain","volume":"163","author":"Bisogno","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0086-5","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and Related N-Acylethanolamines: Biological Activities and Metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00166","article-title":"Metabolism of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide: Open Questions after 25 Years","volume":"10","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They Are and What They Do","volume":"20","author":"Mackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, B., and ElSohly, M. (2016). The Botany of Cannabis Sativa L. The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804646-3.00001-1"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04026-2","article-title":"Beyond \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol: Chemical Differentiation of Cannabis Varieties Applying Targeted and Untargeted Analysis","volume":"414","author":"Monti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Ng, T., and Gupta, V. (2022). Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). World Drug Report 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/wdr2021.html."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Meissner, H., and Cascella, M. (2022). Cannabidiol (CBD), StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2020.1762539","article-title":"The Synthetic Cannabinoids Phenomenon: From Structure to Toxicological Properties: A Review","volume":"50","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"880","article-title":"Genetic and Physical Mapping of the Human Cannabinoid Receptor Gene to Chromosome 6q14-Q15","volume":"3","author":"Hoehe","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). CNR1 Cannabinoid Receptor 1 [Homo Sapiens (Human)]\u2014Gene\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/1268."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33302","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33302","article-title":"Human CB1 Receptor Isoforms, Present in Hepatocytes and \u03b2-Cells, Are Involved in Regulating Metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Doyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of a Peripheral Receptor for Cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). CNR2 Cannabinoid Receptor 2 [Homo Sapiens (Human)]\u2014Gene\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/1269."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo, L.M., and Abood, M.E. (2021). CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling and Biased Signaling. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175413"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of Cannabinoid Receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063545","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Brain","volume":"296","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietel, E., Brobeil, A., Gattenlohner, S., and Wimmer, M. (2018). The Importance of the Right Framework: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway and the Scaffolding Protein PTPIP51. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103282"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467212666190215112036","article-title":"New Insights in Cannabinoid Receptor Structure and Signaling","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasi\u0142owicz, A., Tomala, A., Podolak, I., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2021). Cannabis Sativa L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020778"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"2311","article-title":"Regulation of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Trafficking by the Adaptor Protein AP-3","volume":"22","author":"Rozenfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.06.007","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Trafficking and the Role of the Intracellular Pool: Implications for Therapeutics","volume":"80","author":"Grimsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36013","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403990200","article-title":"Constitutive Endocytic Cycle of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor","volume":"279","author":"Leterrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"476","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB(1) Receptors Are Localized in Striated Muscle Mitochondria and Regulate Mitochondrial Respiration","volume":"7","author":"Melser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3053","article-title":"Mitochondrial CB1 Receptors Regulate Neuronal Energy Metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Massa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23314","article-title":"Localization of the Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor in Subcellular Astrocyte Compartments of Mutant Mouse Hippocampus","volume":"66","author":"Puente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554211063516","article-title":"Mitochondrial Localization of CB1 in Progesterone-Producing Cells of Ovarian Interstitial Glands of Adult Mice","volume":"70","author":"Kamnate","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem. Off. J. Histochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2470-y","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism Links Astroglial Mitochondria to Cannabinoid Effects","volume":"583","author":"Serrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00428-9","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors in the Human Brain: A Detailed Anatomical and Quantitative Autoradiographic Study in the Fetal, Neonatal and Adult Human Brain","volume":"77","author":"Glass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.5.1932","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor Localization in Brain","volume":"87","author":"Herkenham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01682.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor: Another Arrow in the Adipocytes\u2019 Bow","volume":"20","author":"Bellocchio","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3580249","article-title":"De Palmitoylethanolamide Inhibits the Expression of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Enhances the Anti-Proliferative Effect of Anandamide in Human Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"358","author":"Melck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.001","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System in Energy Homeostasis and the Etiopathology of Metabolic Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Silvestri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch, S., and Tam, J. (2019). Cannabis: From a Plant That Modulates Feeding Behaviors toward Developing Selective Inhibitors of the Peripheral Endocannabinoid System for the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050275"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90144-9","article-title":"Behavioral Analysis of Marijuana Effects on Food Intake in Humans","volume":"25","author":"Foltin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000494","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000494","article-title":"Decreased Prevalence of Diabetes in Marijuana Users: Cross-Sectional Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III","volume":"2","author":"Rajavashisth","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301376","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Hedonic Hotspot for Sensory Pleasure: Anandamide in Nucleus Accumbens Shell Enhances \u201cliking\u201d of a Sweet Reward","volume":"32","author":"Mahler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.10.018","article-title":"Cannabinoid Facilitation of Behavioral and Biochemical Hedonic Taste Responses","volume":"63","author":"Solinas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.11.035","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors: Immunohistochemical Localization in Rat Brain","volume":"1071","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, F., Punzo, F., Umano, G.R., Argenziano, M., and Miraglia Del Giudice, E. (2018). Role of Cannabinoids in Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092690"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/35071088","article-title":"Leptin-Regulated Endocannabinoids Are Involved in Maintaining Food Intake","volume":"410","author":"Goparaju","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0009","article-title":"The Emerging Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Endocrine Regulation and Energy Balance","volume":"27","author":"Pagotto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00174-5","article-title":"Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterisation of SR141716A, the First Potent and Selective Brain Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonist","volume":"56","author":"Barth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PL113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00322-1","article-title":"Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss after the Cannabinoid Antagonist SR 141716","volume":"63","author":"Colombo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.63.4.908","article-title":"The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonist SR141716 Increases Acrp30 MRNA Expression in Adipose Tissue of Obese Fa\/Fa Rats and in Cultured Adipocyte Cells","volume":"63","author":"Bensaid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.04.017","article-title":"Rimonabant: The First Therapeutically Relevant Cannabinoid Antagonist","volume":"77","author":"Carai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2004.00374.x","article-title":"The Anti-Obesity Effect of Rimonabant Is Associated with an Improved Serum Lipid Profile","volume":"7","author":"Poirier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R345","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00545.2002","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effect of SR141716, a CB1 Receptor Antagonist, in Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"284","author":"Arnone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462009000200012","article-title":"The Psychiatric Side-Effects of Rimonabant","volume":"31","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4810","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0768","article-title":"The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Stimulates Glucose Uptake in Human Fat Cells via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms","volume":"92","author":"Pagano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.09.099","article-title":"The Expression of Receptors for Endocannabinoids in Human and Rodent Skeletal Muscle","volume":"364","author":"Cavuoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0890-y","article-title":"Presence of Functional Cannabinoid Receptors in Human Endocrine Pancreas","volume":"51","author":"Baixeras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(02)80146-3","article-title":"Functional Assessment of Neuronal Cannabinoid Receptors in the Muscular Layers of Human Ileum and Colon","volume":"34","author":"Manara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19002","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.068460","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Cannabinoid Receptor-1 Expression in the Liver by Retinoic Acid Acting via Retinoic Acid Receptor-Gamma","volume":"285","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6445-4","article-title":"Endocannabinoids in Adipocytes during Differentiation and Their Role in Glucose Uptake","volume":"64","author":"Gasperi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-005-0127-4","article-title":"Presence of the Cannabinoid Receptors, CB1 and CB2, in Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipocytes","volume":"126","author":"Roche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2005.10.005","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors Regulate Ca(2+) Signals and Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta-Cell","volume":"39","author":"Fuentes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn, H., B\u00f6hme, B., Dietrich, L., and Koch, M. (2018). Endocannabinoids in Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11020055"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.12.005","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the Gut: New Developments and Emerging Concepts","volume":"126","author":"Izzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, J. (2016). Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Hepatic Lipogenesis. Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Regulation of Metabolism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25065-6_6"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523057","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Activation at Hepatic CB1 Receptors Stimulates Fatty Acid Synthesis and Contributes to Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"115","author":"DePetrillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adejumo, A.C., Alliu, S., Ajayi, T.O., Adejumo, K.L., Adegbala, O.M., Onyeakusi, N.E., Akinjero, A.M., Durojaiye, M., and Bukong, T.N. (2017). Cannabis Use Is Associated with Reduced Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176416"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa355","article-title":"Cannabis Use While Trying to Conceive: A Prospective Cohort Study Evaluating Associations with Fecundability, Live Birth and Pregnancy Loss","volume":"36","author":"Mumford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12670","article-title":"Marijuana Use and Its Influence on Sperm Morphology and Motility: Identified Risk for Fertility among Jamaican Men","volume":"8","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.12.033","article-title":"The Relationship between Plasma Levels of the Endocannabinoid, Anandamide, Sex Steroids, and Gonadotrophins during the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"93","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"2991","article-title":"Down-Regulation of Anandamide Hydrolase in Mouse Uterus by Sex Hormones","volume":"267","author":"MacCarrone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(02)00158-5","article-title":"N-Acylethanolamines in Human Reproductive Fluids","volume":"121","author":"Schuel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.4188","article-title":"Changes in Anandamide Levels in Mouse Uterus Are Associated with Uterine Receptivity for Embryo Implantation","volume":"94","author":"Schmid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9460","article-title":"The Preimplantation Mouse Embryo Is a Target for Cannabinoid Ligand-Receptor Signaling","volume":"92","author":"Paria","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20523","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100679200","article-title":"Dysregulated Cannabinoid Signaling Disrupts Uterine Receptivity for Embryo Implantation","volume":"276","author":"Paria","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod58.6.1490","article-title":"Effects of Cannabinoids on Preimplantation Mouse Embryo Development and Implantation Are Mediated by Brain-Type Cannabinoid Receptors1","volume":"58","author":"Paria","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1104","article-title":"Aberrant Cannabinoid Signaling Impairs Oviductal Transport of Embryos","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5482","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0681","article-title":"Plasma Levels of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide in Women\u2014A Potential Role in Pregnancy Maintenance and Labor?","volume":"89","author":"Habayeb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2006.09.009","article-title":"Differential Regulation of Endocannabinoid Synthesis and Degradation in the Uterus during Embryo Implantation","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1269742","article-title":"Decreased Expression of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.03.027","article-title":"Endocannabinoid System Activation May Be Associated with Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Juan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.02.007","article-title":"Restored Plasma Anandamide and Endometrial Expression of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by the Combination Use of Diane-35 and Metformin","volume":"39","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabakchieva, P., Gateva, A., Hristova, J., Georgiev, T., and Kamenov, Z. (2022). Analysis of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the Context of Hormonal and Metabolic Alterations and Across the Classical Phenotypes. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0183"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabakchieva, P., Gateva, A., Velikova, T., Georgiev, T., and Kamenov, Z. (Minerva Endocrinol., 2022). Anandamide Is Associated with Waist-to-Hip Ratio but Not with Body Mass Index in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Minerva Endocrinol., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.21.03336-4"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"2687","article-title":"Normal Human Pituitary Gland and Pituitary Adenomas Express Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 and Synthesize Endogenous Cannabinoids: First Evidence for a Direct Role of Cannabinoids on Hormone Modulation at the Human Pituitary Level","volume":"86","author":"Pagotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241860","article-title":"Expression and Function of Endocannabinoid Receptors in the Human Adrenal Cortex","volume":"42","author":"Ziegler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2020.0002","article-title":"The Effects of Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Energy Metabolism Switch by HIF-1\u03b1 Signalling in Granulosa Cells of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-14-0092","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance: An Update","volume":"4","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2017-0019","article-title":"PPARs: Regulators of Metabolism and as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Part II: PPAR-\u03b2\/\u03b4 and PPAR-\u03b3","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Mauricio, D. (2016). Chapter 9\u2014Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Glucose Control. Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104018","article-title":"The Mechanisms of Action of PPARs","volume":"53","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2004.09.024","article-title":"Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta (PPARdelta) in the Control of Fatty Acid Catabolism. A New Target for the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Luquet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). PPARA Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha [Homo Sapiens (Human)]\u2014Gene\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=5465."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). PPARD Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Delta [Homo Sapiens (Human)]\u2014Gene\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/5467."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"(2022, July 23). PPARG Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma [Homo Sapiens (Human)]\u2014Gene\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=5468."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunmeir, R., and Xu, F. (2018). Functional Regulation of PPARs through Post-Translational Modifications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061738"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.07.018","article-title":"Natural Product Agonists of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR\u03b3): A Review","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, R.A., Rajak, S., Singh, B.K., and Yen, P.M. (2020). Hepatic Lipid Catabolism via PPAR\u03b1-Lysosomal Crosstalk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072391"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00072a015","article-title":"CDNA Cloning, Chromosomal Mapping, and Functional Characterization of the Human Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor","volume":"32","author":"Sher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"649","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Nuclear Control of Metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Desvergne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4318","article-title":"Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids Regulate Gene Expression through Direct Interactions with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Alpha and Gamma","volume":"94","author":"Kliewer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.135","article-title":"PPARs in Obesity-Induced T2DM, Dyslipidaemia and NAFLD","volume":"13","author":"Gross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Singh, G., and Correa, R. (2022). Fibrate Medications, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"73","article-title":"Characterization of the Human Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Delta Gene and Its Expression","volume":"6","author":"Skogsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.006","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4 Promotes Running Endurance by Preserving Glucose","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Colby, J.K., Zuo, X., Jaoude, J., Wei, D., and Shureiqi, I. (2018). The Role of PPAR-\u03b4 in Metabolism, Inflammation, and Cancer: Many Characters of a Critical Transcription Factor. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113339"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18779","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18779","article-title":"The Organization, Promoter Analysis, and Expression of the Human PPAR\u03b3 Gene*","volume":"272","author":"Fajas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0135855100","article-title":"Identification of an Intracellular Receptor for Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA): LPA Is a Transcellular PPARgamma Agonist","volume":"100","author":"McIntyre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2018.02.009","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones as Antidiabetic Agents: A Critical Review","volume":"77","author":"Nanjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-125","article-title":"Fibrates Are an Essential Part of Modern Anti-Dyslipidemic Arsenal: Spotlight on Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Residual Risk Reduction","volume":"11","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-4-14","article-title":"Dual and Pan-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) Co-Agonism: The Bezafibrate Lessons","volume":"4","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-29","article-title":"Effects of Bezafibrate on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Dyslipidemic Patients with Diabetes: The J-BENEFIT Study","volume":"11","author":"Teramoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.7.737","article-title":"Attenuation of Progression of Insulin Resistance in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease by Bezafibrate","volume":"166","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)90176-8","article-title":"Bezafibrate Reduces Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"49","author":"Ogawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.005","article-title":"Long-Term Effect of Bezafibrate on Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"194","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000256469.06782.d5","article-title":"Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ligands, Bezafibrate and Fenofibrate, on Adiponectin Level","volume":"27","author":"Hiuge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321774","article-title":"Hepatic Kr\u00fcppel-like Factor 16 (KLF16) Targets PPAR\u03b1 to Improve Steatohepatitis and Insulin Resistance","volume":"70","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00269-1","article-title":"Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta Activates Fat Metabolism to Prevent Obesity","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M001123","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4 Is a Fatty Acid Sensor That Enhances Mitochondrial Oxidation in Insulin-Secreting Cells and Protects against Fatty Acid-Induced Dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Ravnskjaer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00889-z","article-title":"Intestinal PPAR\u03b4 Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia","volume":"7","author":"Doktorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2802","article-title":"Testing for GW501516 (Cardarine) in Human Hair Using LC\/MS-MS and Confirmation by LC\/HRMS","volume":"12","author":"Kintz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.876992","article-title":"New Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists: Potential Treatments for Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"15","author":"Sahebkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119870","article-title":"Activators of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Have Depot-Specific Effects on Human Preadipocyte Differentiation","volume":"100","author":"Adams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1235","article-title":"Troglitazone Increases the Number of Small Adipocytes without the Change of White Adipose Tissue Mass in Obese Zucker Rats","volume":"101","author":"Okuno","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90006-X","article-title":"Stimulation of Adipogenesis in Fibroblasts by PPAR\u03b32, a Lipid-Activated Transcription Factor","volume":"79","author":"Tontonoz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S5838","article-title":"Concomitant Therapy with Pioglitazone and Insulin for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Yamanouchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2017). Antidiabetic Agents. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury, National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13003","article-title":"Antidiabetic Drug Use Trends in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"12","author":"Gor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, R., Souto, S.B., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Machado, A.L., Severino, P., Jose, S., Santini, A., Fortuna, A., Garc\u00eda, M.L., and Silva, A.M. (2019). Sugar-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome-Review of Classical and New Compounds: Part-I. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12040152"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0378-8","article-title":"The Future of Thiazolidinedione Therapy in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Yau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2014.47.11.174","article-title":"Revisiting PPAR\u03b3 as a Target for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.90879","article-title":"The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor: A Family of Nuclear Receptors Role in Various Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Tyagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1270-y","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones: The Forgotten Diabetes Medications","volume":"19","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6068","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030861","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone versus Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial","volume":"89","author":"Schernthaner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-3-41","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Ovarian Function\u2014Implications for Regulating Steroidogenesis, Differentiation, and Tissue Remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Komar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.5.1531","article-title":"Localization and Expression of Messenger RNAs for the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Ovarian Tissue from Naturally Cycling and Pseudopregnant Rats","volume":"66","author":"Komar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Komar, C. (2005, January 24\u201327). Initiation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR Gamma) Expression in the Neonatal Rat Ovary. Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Reproduction 38th Annual Meeting, Quebec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.017244","article-title":"Expression and Functional Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma in Ovarian Folliculogenesis in the Sheep","volume":"69","author":"Froment","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.11.8429","article-title":"Expression and Localization of PPARs in the Rat Ovary during Follicular Development and the Periovulatory Period","volume":"142","author":"Komar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00799","article-title":"Developmental Regulation of Prostacyclin Synthase and Prostacyclin Receptors in the Ovine Uterus and Conceptus during the Peri-Implantation Period","volume":"131","author":"Cammas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, L., Yang, H., Ye, Y., Ma, Z., Kuhn, C., Rahmeh, M., Mahner, S., Makrigiannakis, A., Jeschke, U., and von Sch\u00f6nfeldt, V. (2021). Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Trophoblast Functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010433"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0855","article-title":"Expression of PPAR and RXR Isoforms in the Developing Rat and Human Term Placentas","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80209-9","article-title":"PPAR Gamma Is Required for Placental, Cardiac, and Adipose Tissue Development","volume":"4","author":"Barak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.10.8448","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3\/RXR\u03b1 Heterodimers Are Involved in Human CG\u03b2 Synthesis and Human Trophoblast Differentiation","volume":"142","author":"Tarrade","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0241","article-title":"Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity Promotes Extravillous Trophoblast Cell Migration Stimulated by Insulin-like Growth Factor-I","volume":"60","author":"Mayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"400","article-title":"Visfatin Is Regulated by Interleukin-6 and Affected by the PPAR-\u03b3 Pathway in BeWo Cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1401","article-title":"Adiponectin Inhibits Insulin Function in Primary Trophoblasts by PPAR\u03b1-Mediated Ceramide Synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Aye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250817","article-title":"Differential Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta at Implantation Sites and in Decidual Cells of Rat Uterus","volume":"125","author":"Ding","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200327-JLR200","article-title":"Fenofibrate, a Ligand for PPAR\u03b1, Inhibits Aromatase Cytochrome P450 Expression in the Ovary of Mouse","volume":"44","author":"Toda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gar030","article-title":"Activation of Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor \u03b4 (PPAR\u03b4) Promotes Blastocyst Hatching in Mice","volume":"17","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.02.016","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Stimulates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Expression and Directly Affects in Vitro Steroidogenesis in Porcine Ovarian Follicles","volume":"82","author":"Karpeta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8308","article-title":"Troglitazone, an Insulin-Sensitizing Thiazolidinedione, Represses Combined Stimulation by LH and Insulin of de Novo Androgen Biosynthesis by Thecal Cells in Vitro","volume":"87","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-012-0044-6","article-title":"Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01207-7","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Oral Insulin Sensitizers Metformin, Thiazolidinediones, Inositol, and Berberine in Improving Endocrine and Metabolic Profiles in Women with PCOS: A Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei289","article-title":"Metabolic and Ovarian Effects of Rosiglitazone Treatment for 12 Weeks in Insulin-Resistant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Cataldo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.11.009","article-title":"Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome-Current Pharmacotherapy and Clinical Implications","volume":"61","author":"Rashid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_231","unstructured":"Eggleton, J.S., and Jialal, I. (2022). Thiazolidinediones, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-10-0088","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Suppresses CYP11B2 Expression and Aldosterone Production","volume":"46","author":"Uruno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.008","article-title":"Activation of PPAR\u03b3 Reduces N-Acetyl-Cysteine -Induced Hypercorticoidism by down-Regulating MC2R Expression into Adrenal Glands","volume":"156","author":"Ventura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.09.007","article-title":"Cannabinoid Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Potential for Modulation of Inflammatory Disease","volume":"215","author":"Kendall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707423","article-title":"Cannabinoids Go Nuclear: Evidence for Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors","volume":"152","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.03.008","article-title":"The Role of Nuclear Hormone Receptors in Cannabinoid Function","volume":"80","author":"Pistis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707478","article-title":"Cannabinoid Activation of PPAR Alpha; a Novel Neuroprotective Mechanism","volume":"152","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.019117","article-title":"Interleukin-2 Suppression by 2-Arachidonyl Glycerol Is Mediated through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Independently of Cannabinoid Receptors 1 and 2","volume":"70","author":"Rockwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23278","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201084200","article-title":"15-Lipoxygenase Metabolism of 2-Arachidonylglycerol. Generation of a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Agonist","volume":"277","author":"Kozak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.05.032","article-title":"Anandamide Induced PPAR\u03b3 Transcriptional Activation and 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation","volume":"517","author":"Bouaboula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.012","article-title":"The Search for the Palmitoylethanolamide Receptor","volume":"77","author":"LoVerme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01921","article-title":"Oleylethanolamide Regulates Feeding and Body Weight through Activation of the Nuclear Receptor PPAR-Alpha","volume":"425","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-51","article-title":"Oleamide Activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR\u03b3) in Vitro","volume":"11","author":"Dionisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.070441","article-title":"15-Deoxy-\u039412,14-Prostaglandin J2-Glycerol Ester, a Putative Metabolite of 2-Arachidonyl Glycerol, Activates Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor \u03b3","volume":"80","author":"Raman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401844","article-title":"Critical Role of Mast Cells and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Induction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells by Marijuana Cannabidiol In Vivo","volume":"194","author":"Hegde","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.09.121","article-title":"Novel Time-Dependent Vascular Actions of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma","volume":"337","author":"Tarling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9399-3","article-title":"A Cannabigerol Quinone Alleviates Neuroinflammation in a Chronic Model of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Granja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14019","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Is a Potent PPAR\u03b3 Agonist with Neuroprotective Activity","volume":"174","author":"Nadal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.013","article-title":"WIN55212-2 Attenuates Amyloid-Beta-Induced Neuroinflammation in Rats through Activation of Cannabinoid Receptors and PPAR-\u03b3 Pathway","volume":"63","author":"Fakhfouri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14450","article-title":"VCE-004.3, a Cannabidiol Aminoquinone Derivative, Prevents Bleomycin-Induced Skin Fibrosis and Inflammation through PPAR\u03b3- and CB2 Receptor-Dependent Pathways","volume":"175","author":"Cantarero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.02.029","article-title":"Cannabinoid Derivatives Acting as Dual PPAR\u03b3\/CB2 Agonists as Therapeutic Agents for Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"163","author":"Navarrete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18625","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702538200","article-title":"Ajulemic Acid, a Synthetic Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoid Acid, Bound to the Ligand Binding Domain of the Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma","volume":"282","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.04.062","article-title":"Ultrapure Ajulemic Acid Has Improved CB2 Selectivity with Reduced CB1 Activity","volume":"22","author":"Tepper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.01.002","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Phytocannabinoids as Novel Dual PPAR\u03b1\/\u03b3 Agonists by a Computational and in Vitro Experimental Approach","volume":"1863","author":"Fellous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta\u2014Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77175-y","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacological Activity of Minor Cannabinoids Isolated from Cannabis Sativa","volume":"10","author":"Zagzoog","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannotti, F.A., De Maio, F., Panza, E., Appendino, G., Taglialatela-Scafati, O., De Petrocellis, L., Amodeo, P., and Vitale, R.M. (2020). Identification and Characterization of Cannabimovone, a Cannabinoid from Cannabis Sativa, as a Novel PPAR\u03b3 Agonist via a Combined Computational and Functional Study. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051119"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200901464","article-title":"Cannabimovone, a Cannabinoid with a Rearranged Terpenoid Skeleton from Hemp","volume":"2010","author":"Pagani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104940","article-title":"Pharmacological Data of Cannabidiol- and Cannabigerol-Type Phytocannabinoids Acting on Cannabinoid CB1, CB2 and CB1\/CB2 Heteromer Receptors","volume":"159","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.09.043","article-title":"Synthetic Cannabinoid Quinones: Preparation, in Vitro Antiproliferative Effects and in Vivo Prostate Antitumor Activity","volume":"70","author":"Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.019919","article-title":"Treatment with a Novel Oleic-Acid-Dihydroxyamphetamine Conjugation Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Zucker Rats","volume":"8","author":"Decara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.09.008","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1\/CB1 Receptor Dual Ligands as a Novel Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Evaluation of a Novel Oleic Acid Conjugate in Preclinical Rat Models","volume":"157","author":"Alen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1145209","article-title":"Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Inhibition Enhances Memory Acquisition through Activation of PPAR-Alpha Nuclear Receptors","volume":"16","author":"Mazzola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_263","first-page":"4627","article-title":"Control of COX-2 Gene Expression through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Human Cervical Cancer Cells","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunetti, L., Carrieri, A., Piemontese, L., Tortorella, P., Loiodice, F., and Laghezza, A. (2020). Beyond the Canonical Endocannabinoid System. A Screening of PPAR Ligands as FAAH Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197026"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101087","article-title":"Reversal of Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Peripheral CB1 Receptor Blockade in Mice Is P53\/MiRNA-22\/SIRT1\/PPAR\u03b1 Dependent","volume":"42","author":"Azar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2679","article-title":"Regulation, Function, and Dysregulation of Endocannabinoids in Models of Adipose and Beta-Pancreatic Cells and in Obesity and Hyperglycemia","volume":"91","author":"Matias","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00342-1","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide Induces Microglia Changes Associated with Increased Migration and Phagocytic Activity: Involvement of the CB2 Receptor","volume":"7","author":"Guida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.06.015","article-title":"Functional and Biochemical Interaction between PPAR\u03b1 Receptors and TRPV1 Channels: Potential Role in PPAR\u03b1 Agonists-Mediated Analgesia","volume":"87","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2019.180","article-title":"Diallyl Biphenyl-Type Neolignans Have a Pharmacophore of PPAR\u03b1\/\u03b3 Dual Modulators","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1021\/ml300235q","article-title":"Magnolia Extract, Magnolol, and Metabolites: Activation of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors and Blockade of the Related GPR55","volume":"4","author":"Rempel","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2014.04.112","article-title":"Trans-Caryophyllene Is a Natural Agonistic Ligand for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b1","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-263053","article-title":"A Potential Role for Cannabinoid Receptors in the Therapeutic Action of Fenofibrate","volume":"29","author":"Priestley","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1021\/ml200091q","article-title":"Discovery of Potent Dual PPAR\u03b1 Agonists\/CB1 Ligands","volume":"2","author":"Fresno","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/16\/2569\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:39Z","timestamp":1760141499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/16\/2569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":273,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11162569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11162569","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}